dismissed EB-1A Case: Performing Arts
Decision Summary
The appeal was dismissed because the petitioner failed to establish the sustained national or international acclaim required for the classification. The director determined the evidence did not meet the regulatory criteria, and the AAO agreed. Specifically, the evidence for the 'prizes or awards' criterion was deemed insufficient as it was self-serving and did not demonstrate the national or international recognition of the award.
Criteria Discussed
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U.S. Department of Homeland Security
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U. S. Cltlzenshlp and Imm~gratlon Serv~ces
of F~~~~i pfi"acy
Office of Admlnlstratlve Appeals MS 2090
Wash~ngton, DC 20529-2090
U. S. Citizenship
and Immigration
PUBLIC COB# Services
LIN 07 014 50304
PETITION:
Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker as an Alien of Extraordinary Ability Pursuant to Section
203(b)(l)(A) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. 9 1153(b)(l)(A)
ON BEHALF OF PETITIONER:
INSTRUCTIONS:
This is the decision of the Administrative Appeals Office in your case. All documents have been returned to
the office that originally decided your case. Any further inquiry must be made to that office.
If you believe the law was inappropriately applied or you have additional information that you wish to have
considered, you may file a motion to reconsider or a motion to reopen. Please refer to 8 C.F.R. Β§ 103.5 for
the specific requirements. All motions must be submitted to the office that originally decided your case by
filing a Form I-290B, Notice of Appeal or Motion, with a fee of $585. Any motion must be filed within 30
days of the decision that the motion seeks to reconsider or reopen, as required by 8 C.F.R. fj 103.5(a)(l)(i).
jLQ!.&dficrc,
P John F. Grissom
@ Acting Chief, Administrative Appeals Office
Page 2
DISCUSSION: The employment-based immigrant visa petition was denied by the Director, Nebraska Service
Center, and is now before the Administrative Appeals Office (AAO) on appeal. The appeal will be dismissed.
The petitioner seeks classification as an employment-based immigrant pursuant to section 203(b)(l)(A) of the
Immigration and Nationality Act (the Act), 8 U.S.C. 5 1153(b)(l)(A), as an alien of extraordinary ability in
the arts. The director determined the petitioner had not established the sustained national or international acclaim
necessary to qualify for classification as an alien of extraordinary ability.
On appeal, the petitioner argues that she meets at least three of the regulatory criteria at 8 C.F.R. 5 204.5(h)(3).
Section 203(b) of the Act states, in pertinent part, that:
(1) Priority workers. -- Visas shall first be made available . . . to qualified immigrants who are aliens
described in any of the following subparagraphs (A) through (C):
(A) Aliens with extraordinary ability. -- An alien is described in this subparagraph if --
(i) the alien has extraordinary ability in the sciences, arts, education, business, or
athletics which has been demonstrated by sustained national or international acclaim
and whose achievements have been recognized in the field through extensive
documentation,
(ii) the alien seeks to enter the United States to continue work in the area of
extraordinary ability, and
(iii) the alien's entry into the United States will substantially benefit prospectively
the United States.
Specific supporting evidence must accompany the petition to document the "sustained national or international
acclaim" that the statute requires.
8 C.F.R. 5 204.5(h)(3).
An alien can establish sustained national or
international acclaim through evidence of a "one-time achievement (that is, a major, international recognized
award)." Id. Absent such an award, an alien can establish the necessary sustained acclaim by meeting at least
three of ten other regulatory criteria. Id. However, the weight given to evidence submitted to fulfill the criteria
at 8 C.F.R. Β§ 204.5(h)(3), or under 8 C.F.R. Β§ 204.5(h)(4), must depend on the extent to which such evidence
demonstrates, reflects, or is consistent with sustained national or international acclaim at the very top of the
alien's field of endeavor. A lower evidentiary standard would not be consistent with the regulatory definition
of "extraordinary ability" as "a level of expertise indicating that the individual is one of that small percentage
who have risen to the very top of the field of endeavor." 8 C.F.R. 9 204.5(h)(2).
This petition, filed on October 13, 2006, seeks to classify the petitioner as an alien with extraordinary ability
as a performer. The petitioner initially submitted her employment contract with Cirque du Soleil, media
requests, information about Cirque du Soleil's casting requirements, news articles, pictures, a copy of the
petitioner's website, and letters of recommendation. In response to a Request for Evidence ("RFE") dated
September 20, 2007, the petitioner submitted a revised agreement with Cirque du Soleil, news articles, a
Page 3
genealogy chart, a schedule of past performances, information about the Circus of Brazil and certification of
award, training certificates, and her resume.
On appeal, counsel for the petitioner claims that the case should be remanded for a failure of the director to
specifically request all necessary evidence in the RFE, in violation of the regulations. Counsel's argument is
not persuasive. The purpose of the RFE is to elicit Mher information that clarifies whether eligibility for the
benefit sought has been established, as of the time the petition is filed. See 8 C.F.R. Β§Β§ 103.2(b)(8) and (12).
The RFE stated that the petitioner needed to submit evidence in support of her claim for eligibility under each
criterion. The regulation at 8 C.F.R.
103.2(b)(8) requires that the RFE specify the "type of evidence
required" and does not require any exact document be identified. Although counsel on appeal states that the
decision "blindside[d]" the petitioner with his denial, counsel identified no further evidence in support of the
petitioner's claims. Moreover, even if the director committed a procedural error by failing to adequately
notify the petitioner, it is not clear what remedy would be appropriate beyond the appeal process itself. As
with any claim of a violation of due process, a violation of an immigration regulation will not render a
decision unlawful unless the violation prejudiced the interests of the alien protected by the regulation. United
States 11. Rangel-Gonzales, 61 7 F.2d 529, 530 (9th Cir. 1980). Furthermore, we note that in visa petition
proceedings, the burden is on the petitioner to establish eligibility for the benefit sought. See Section 291 of
the Act, 8 U.S.C. $ 1361; Matter of Brantigan, 11 I. & N. Dec. 493 (BIA 1966). The petitioner must prove by
a preponderance of evidence that the beneficiary is fully qualified for the benefit sought. Matter of Martinez,
21 I. & N. Dec. 1035, 1036 (BIA 1997); Matter of Patel, 19 I. & N. Dec. 774 (BIA 1988); Matter of Soo Hoo,
1 1 I. & N. Dec. 15 1 (BIA 1965). As the petitioner made no proffer as to other evidence available, we will
review the record as presented.
The AAO maintains plenary power to review each appeal on a de novo basis. 5 U.S.C. jS 557(b) ("On appeal
from or review of the initial decision, the agency has all the powers which it would have in making the initial
decision except as it may limit the issues on notice or by rule."); see also Janka v. US. Dept. of Transp.,
NTSB, 925 F.2d 1147, 1149 (9th Cir. 1991). The AAO's de novo authority has been long recognized by the
federal courts. See, e.g., Dor v. INS, 891 F.2d 997, 1002 n. 9 (2d Cir. 1989).
The regulation at 8 C.F.R.
204.5(h)(3) indicates that an alien can establish sustained national or
international acclaim through evidence of a one-time achievement (that is, a major, internationally recognized
award). Barring the alien's receipt of such an award, the regulation outlines ten criteria, at least three of
which must be satisfied for an alien to establish the sustained acclaim necessary to qualify as an alien of
extraordinary ability. A petitioner, however, cannot establish eligibility for this classification merely by
submitting evidence that simply relates to at least three criteria at 8 C.F.R. 204.5(h)(3). In determining
whether the petitioner meets a specific criterion, the evidence itself must be evaluated in terms of whether it is
indicative of or consistent with sustained national or international acclaim. A lower evidentiary standard
would not be consistent with the regulatory definition of "extraordinary ability" as "a level of expertise
indicating that the individual is one of that small percentage who have risen to the very top of the field of
endeavor." 8 C.F.R. $ 204.5(h)(2). The petitioner has submitted evidence pertaining to the following criteria.
The petitioner does not claim to meet any of the criteria not discussed below.
(i) Documentation of the alien 5 receipt of lesser nationally or internationally recognized prizes or
awards for excellence in the field of endeavor.
Page 4
The petitioner states that she meets this criterion by virtue of her receipt of second place in the 2001
Competitive Circus Showcase at the World Circus Festival (WCF) in Brazil. The plain language of the
regulatory criterion at 8 C.F.R. 5 204.5(h)(3)(i) specifically requires that the petitioner's awards be nationally
or internationally recognized in the field of endeavor and it is her burden to establish every element of this
criterion. Although the petitioner submitted information about the WCF, all of that information came from
the WCF's own website and an article from "OZ Air Academy of Circus," a company for whom the petitioner
worked. This self-serving information thus does not demonstrate the national or international recognition of
this award. In addition, the petitioner presented no evidence to explain how a second place finish in this
competition meets this criterion. In her initial submission, counsel for the petitioner stated that the WCF only
judges performances that have been invited to compete so that merely being invited would serve as
recognition within the field. Although the petitioner provided a copy of her invitation letter, she provided no
information regarding the criteria used to invite performers to support her assertion or which otherwise
demonstrates that an invitation to participate is tantamount to a nationally or internationally recognized prize
or award.
In her appellate brief, counsel argues that the petitioner showed that the award was significant and that the
director acknowledged the award's significance through his statement that the Circus is a "national
competition in Brazil." Under this criterion, it is not sufficient to simply demonstrate that a competition
draws competitors from the country as a whole as claimed about the WCF - instead, the petitioner must
establish that the competition and the awards provided by the competition are nationally or internationally
recognized. The petitioner provided no evidence of the level of recognition of the awards provided by the
WCF.
Counsel also claims that the director used "improper, circular" reasoning in requiring the petitioner to show that
sustained national or international acclaim at the top of level of her field in violation of the decision in Buletini v.
INS, 860 F. Supp. 1222 (E.D. Mich. 1994). It is noted that in contrast to the broad precedential authority of the
case law of a United States circuit court, the AAO is not bound to follow the published decision of a United
States district court in cases arising within the same district. See Matter of K-S-, 20 I. & N. Dec. 715 (BIA
1993). The reasoning underlying a district judge's decision will be given due consideration when it is
properly before the AAO; however, the analysis does not have to be followed as a matter of law. Id. at 719.
In addition, as the published decisions of the district courts are not binding on the AAO outside of that
particular proceeding, as this case did not arise within the Eastern District of Michigan. Accordingly, we
need not recognize Buletini as even a persuasive authority in this matter.
Regardless, we do not find it violates the reasoning in Buletini, 860 F. Supp. at 1231, to examine the evidence
submitted as to whether it is indicative of or consistent with national or international acclaim. Significantly,
the court in Buletini acknowledged that "the examiner must evaluate the quality, including the credibility, of
the evidence presented to determine if it, in fact, satisfies the criteria." Buletini, 860 F. Supp. at 1234.
Consistent with this reasoning, we have evaluated the quality of the evidence submitted by the petitioner and
find that she has failed to establish that the award from the WCF is considered to be a nationally or
internationally recognized prize or award. We note that this award was received five years prior to the filing
of this petition and thus by itself cannot demonstrate sustained acclaim. Further, the statute requires that the
alien demonstrate extraordmary ability by sustained national or international acclaim "through extensive
Page 5
documentation." Section 203(B)(I)(A)(i) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 5 1153(b)(l)(A)(i). The petitioner's receipt of a
single second place finish is not considered "extensive" nor is it representative of the sustained acclaim required
for the highly restrictive classification.
In light of the above, the petitioner has not established that she meets this criterion.
(iii) Published material about the alien in professional or major trade publications or other major media,
relating to the alien S work in thejield for which classijication is sought. Such evidence shall include the
title, date, and author of the material, and any necessary translation.
In general, in order for published material to meet ths criterion, it must be primarily about the petitioner and, as
stated in the regulation, be printed in professional or major trade publications or other major media. To qualify as
major media, the publication should have significant national or international distribution. An alien would not
earn acclaim at the national level fiom a local publication. Some newspapers, such as the New York Times,
nominally serve a particular locality but would qualify as major media because of significant national distribution,
unlike small local community
The petitioner provided many news articles about the Cirque du Soleil show "Zumanity." Although the petitioner
is mentioned in some of the articles, the published material is about the show and the company, not about her.
According to an article from ISTO E Magazine, the show has "47 artists from 16 different nationalities that in one
and a half hour performe [sic] acrobatics, dancing and contortion numbers with insinuating and erotic moviments
[sic]." Another article states that serves as the mistress of ceremonies. These articles make clear that
although some news writers may view the petitioner and her sister as "one of the show highlights," stories about
"Zumanity" are not about the petitioner but about the entire cast and show. The inclusion by many articles of a
picture of the petitioner and her sister does not change the focus of the articles or make them about the petitioner
as opposed to the show as a whole.
The petitioner also submitted three articles primarily about her. The first, "Supersize Sisters: Standing Out"
appeared in the Las Vegas Review-Journal. The petitioner submits no evidence that a seemingly local publication
constitutes major media as required by the regulation. The second, "Botero Sisters," appears to be a page from an
online blog. The internet is an arena available to any user with access to a computer regardless of notoriety or
recognition in the arts. To ignore this reality would be to render the "major media" requirement in the
regulation at 8 C.F.R. 5 204.5(h)(3)(iii) meaningless. We are not persuaded that international accessibility on
the internet, by itself, is a realistic indicator of whether a given website constitutes "major media." The
petitioner submitted no evidence, such as circulation statistics, to demonstrate that the preceding article
appeared in a professional or major trade publication or some other form of major media. The third article,
"From OZ to Du Soleil," appeared in DAQUI magazine. Again, however, the petitioner submitted no evidence to
show that this magazine constitutes major media.
I
Even with nationally-circulated newspapers, consideration must be given to the placement of the article. For
example, an article that appears in the Washington Post, but in a section that is distributed only in Fairfax
County, Virginia, for instance, cannot serve to spread an individual's reputation outside of that county.
Page 6
The petitioner also submitted an article that appeared in Folha de Sao Paulo newspaper. That article appears in a
foreign language and only portions of the article were translated. Such an incomplete translation does not comply
with the terms of 8 C.F.R. 103.2(b)(3) which requires that the entire document be translated by a translator
who certifies that she is competent to translate from the foreign language into English. As such, this article
will not be considered.
In light of the above, the petitioner has not established that she meets this criterion.
(v) Evidence of the alien's original scientlJic, scholarly, artistic, athletic, or business-related
contributions of major signiJicance in the$eld.
In the initial submission, the petitioner claims that she meets this criterion through her creation of "The
Botero Sisters" as focused upon by "Zumanity." According to the regulation at 8 C.F.R. 8 204.5(h)(3)(v), an
alien's contributions must be not only original but of major significance. We must presume that the phrase
"major significance" is not superfluous and, thus, that it has some meaning. While the petitioner's character
and act may be unique, there is no evidence demonstrating that this work has had major significance in her
field. For example, the record does not indicate the extent of the petitioner's influence on other performers,
nor does it show that the field has somehow changed as a result of her work.
The petitioner identified five letters in the record purportedly supportive of her claim of eligibility under this
criterion. While letters such as these provide relevant information about an alien's experience and
accomplishments, they cannot by themselves establish the alien's eligibility under this criterion because they
do not demonstrate that the alien's work is of major significance in her field beyond the limited number of
individuals with whom she has worked directly. Even when written by independent experts, letters solicited
by an alien in support of an immigration petition carry less weight than preexisting, independent evidence of
major contributions that one would expect of an alien who has achieved sustained national or international
acclaim.
, vice president of creation of new projects development for Cirque du Soleil, wrote that that
the petitioner "is among the elite in her field," she is "a unique artist," and "[slhe has achieved remarkable
success with [the] 'Zumanity' show." artistic coordinator for "Zumanity," wrote that the
petitioner is "a highly productive individual who is incredibly talented, loyal and accountable in whatever
situation she is placed." publicist for "Zumanity," wrote that the petitioner is "a part of the
Zumanity advertising campaign . . . [because of her] distinctive look and talents." , director of
clown numbers for Cirque du Soleil, wrote that the petitioner is a "one-of-a-kind performer . . . widely
recognized by audiences, critics, peers, and high radung employers." These letters are all written by Cirque
du Soleil employees; so these letters are not written by independent experts but are instead by the petitioner's
colleagues. The last letter identified in support of her claim was written by her teacher: -
, a Brazilian performer. This letter states that the petitioner's and her sister's "characters are very
gracious, sensual, sexy and very impressive when it comes to comedy. The Botero Sisters characters were
well accepted and very successfull [sic] in the theatre, TV and events all over Brazil." These letters all offer
high praise for the petitioner's abilities, but none provide any information which demonstrates that her work
has made a contribution of major significance to her field.
Accordingly, the petitioner has not established that she meets this criterion.
@it) Evidence ofthe display ofthe alien S work in the3eld at artistic exhibitions or showcases.
The petitioner states that she meets this criterion through her participation with Cirque du Soleil and also
through performances occurring globally before she began working with Cirque du Soleil. The letter from
- in which he states that the petitioner has performed globally notwithstanding, the
petitioner presented no evidence regarding her performances around the world. s letter
does not state how he came to learn of the petitioner's global performances and provides no details as to
where the petitioner performed. In addition, statements on the petitioner's own website and resum6 regarding
performances in various locales do not amount to objective evidence regarding the petitioner's work or
activities. A statement from does indicate that the petitioner participated in two plays
from 1995-1999, but his statement does not indicate that the plays can be considered artistic exhibition as
required by the regulation.
The Director stated in his decision that "[o]bviously, as a performer, the petitioner has displayed her artistic
work in the entertainment field." He did not, however, make an explicit finding outside of this equivocal
statement as to whether the petitioner met this criterion. In any case, under the AAO's power of de novo
review, we find that the petitioner does not meet this criterion as we interpret the regulation at 8 C.F.R.
9 204.5(h)(3)(vii) as applying to visual artists, such as painters or sculptors, not performing artists such as the
petitioner. It is inherent to the performing arts to perform. Therefore, not every production is a showcase or
exhibition of the work of every performer. We find that the petitioner's performance in Cirque du Soleil and
other similar venues is not a showcase of the petitioner's work but a general commercial production for
entertainment. Without evidence that the petitioner's performances were comparable to the exclusive artistic
showcases that might serve to meet this criterion for a visual artist we cannot conclude that the petitioner meets
this criterion. While we do not find that the petitioner's performances have no evidentiary value, they cannot
serve to meet this criterion. For this reason, the regulations establish separate criteria, especially for those
whose work is in the performing arts. As we find the petitioner's performances are far more relevant to the
"leading or critical role" criterion set forth at 8 C.F.R. 5 204.5(h)(3)(viii) and the "commercial successes in the
performing arts" criterion at 8 C.F.R. 9 204.5(h)(3)(x), they have been discussed separately within the context of
those criteria.
In light of the above, the petitioner has not established that she meets this criterion.
(viii) Evidence that the alien has pe$ormed in a leading or critical role for organizations or establishments
that have a distinguished reputation.
In order to establish that she performed a leading or critical role for an organization or establishment with a
distinguished reputation, the petitioner must establish the nature of her role within the entire organization or
establishment as well as the reputation of the organization or establishment. The petitioner claimed eligibility
under this criterion based on her work with Cirque du Soleil, Picadeiro Circus School, and Madrugada Circus.
Cirque du Soleil's reputation is well documented in the record as a dstinguished organization, however, the
petitioner did not submit evidence showing that she performed in a leading or critical role for that organization.
In her initial submission, the petitioner claimed that the "Zumanity" show was created around the characters
created by her and her sister and cited an article Β£rom Time magazine as proof of her assertion. The Time
magazine piece, however, makes no such assertion and instead devotes a pithy amount of text to the petitioner
and her sister while focusing on four other groups that perform as part of the show. In addition, the Time
magazine piece states: "The shows also have no name-brand stars; anyone can be replaced." As stated above, the
petitioner's co-workers write letters highly complimentary of her work and her contribution to "Zumanity,"
however, those letters do not state either that "Zumanity" relies upon her performance or that she otherwise
performs in a leading or critical role. The evidence regarding "Zumanity" shows that it relies upon an ensemble
cast and the petitioner has presented no evidence to show that she was responsible for the success or standing of
"Zurnanity" to such a degree consistent with the meaning of "leading or critical role" and indicative of sustained
national or international acclaim at the very top of her field.
The petitioner presented news articles about the Madrugada Circus ("Circus") from "The Northern Echo" and
an unidentified source. These articles profile the Circus in advance and promotion of performances in Great
Britain and Casablanca. Collaterally related are articles submitted about
"[tlop continental
circus boss," which detail his successes with other projects, but do not state that the Madrugada Circus has a
distinguished reputation. Even if the petitioner had established the Circus's reputation, she provided no
evidence that she played a leading or critical role with the Circus. The petitioner submitted news articles that
verified her participation with the Circus, but those articles did not state that the petitioner played a leading or
critical role as opposed to serving as a general employee. For example, an article in "Advertise Theatre"
states that the petitioner and her sister were one of three named artists expected to perform at the Circus
National Day. The petitioner submitted a number of articles and schedules that she identifies as being
applicable to this criterion. These articles appear in a foreign language and the petitioner provided only a
partial translation. As stated above, a full translation is required for any foreign language document pursuant
to 8 C.F.R. 9 103.2(b)(3); without such a fill translation, we are unable to consider these documents. Even
only considering the excerpts translated, these articles do not indicate that the petitioner performed in a
leading or critical role as she was but one of many acts included in the Circus that received publicity. For
example, an article regarding "The Trapeze Truck" lists the petitioner as one of ten artists expected to
perform; the inclusion of the petitioner and her sister as the only two "elastic numbers" performers does not
establish the petitioner's leading or critical role in the Circus.
The petitioner submitted no evidence regarding the Picadeiro Circus School's ("School") reputation, but
instead submitted an article about circus schools which stated that 200 exist and did not mention the Picadeiro
by name or otherwise recognize it. Even if the School had a distinguished reputation, the petitioner did not
submit evidence of her participation in a leading or critical role. The two articles submitted about the
petitioner and her role in the School merely stated that the petitioner performed with the School and did not
state either that she participated in a role different from any other performer with the School or that she
performed in a leading or critical role for the School.
In light of the above, the petitioner has not established that she meets this criterion.
(ix) Evidence that the alien has commanded a high salaly or other signiJicantly high remuneration for
services, in relation to others in the.field
In her initial submission, counsel for the petitioner stated that she "typed in 'clown"' at O*Net to discover that
"[iln Nevada the median salary is $20.88 er hour [and i]n the United States the median salary is $15.81 per
hour." A July 1 1, 2006 letter written by Immigration Technician for Cirque du Soleil states that
the petitioner "earns an annual salary of $1 19,500.00." The petitioner, however, submitted no evidence regarding
the remuneration commanded by others in the field so as to provide a comparison with her salary at Cirque du
Soleil. Regardless, as the director stated, classification of the petitioner's occupation as "clown" is too narrow
a classification. Instead, as identified in the various articles and letters submitted on her behalf, the petitioner
is more aptly classified as a general entertainer or performer. The petitioner submitted no evidence regarding
the salary of such entertainers or performers, including other performers in Zumanity, and therefore no
meaningful comparison can be made to determine that the petitioner's salary is significantly higher than
others in her field.
In light of the above, the petitioner has not established that she meets this criterion.
(x) Evidence of commercial successes in the pefomzing arts, as shown by box ofice receipts or record,
cassette, compact disk, or video sales.
The petitioner claimed eligibility under this criterion on appeal by virtue of the successful performances of the
Cirque du Soleil and the "Zurnanity" show. Counsel lists the ticket prices charged to see the show and focuses on
the popularity of the show. The petitioner did not, however, submit any evidence of commercial success of the
show such as the submission of box office receipts or other records of the success enjoyed by "Zumanity."
Regardless, the petitioner has failed to present any evidence to establish that the commercial success of the Cirque
de Soleil, or even "Zumanity," is based solely or even primarily on the petitioner's performance.
Accordingly, the petitioner has not established that she meets this criterion.
In this case, the petitioner has failed to demonstrate receipt of a major, internationally recognized award, or
that she meets at least three of the regulatory criteria at 8 C.F.R. $204.5(h)(3). Review of the record does not
establish that the petitioner has distinguished herself to such an extent that she may be said to have achieved
sustained national or international acclaim or to be within the small percentage at the very top of her field.
The evidence is not persuasive that the petitioner's achievements set her significantly above almost all others
in her field at a national or international level. Therefore, the petitioner has not established eligibility
pursuant to section 203(b)(l)(A) of the Act and the petition may not be approved.
The burden of proof in visa petition proceedings remains entirely with the petitioner. Section 291 of the Act,
8 U.S.C. $ 1361. Here, the petitioner has not sustained that burden. Accordingly, the appeal will be dismissed.
ORDER: The appeal is dismissed. Avoid the mistakes that led to this denial
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