dismissed L-1A Case: 3D Printing Equipment

MATTER OF U-T-, INC. 
, Non-Precedent Decision of the 
Administrative Appeals Office 
DATE: FEB. 13, 2019 
APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA SERVICE CENTER.DECISION 
PETITION: FORM 1-129, PETITION FOR A NONIMMIGRANT WORKER 
The Petitioner, a distributer of 3D printing equipment, seeks to temporarily employ the Beneficiary as 
its "vice general manager" under the L-lA nonimmigrant classification for iritracompany transferees. 
·See Immigration and Nationality Act (the Act) section 10l(a)(l5)(L), 8 U.S.C. § l 10l(a)(l5)(L). The 
L-1 A -classification allows a corporation or other legal entity (including its affiliate or subsidiary) to 
transfer. a qualifying foreign employee to the United States to work temporarily in a managerial or 
executive capacity. 
. . r 
The Director of the California Service Center denied the petition concluding that the Petitioner did 
. not establish, as required, that the Beneficiary was employed abroad in a managerial or executive 
capacity and that he would be employed in a managerial or executive capacity under an approved 
petition. 1 · · · · 
On appeal, the Petitioner disputes the denial contending. that the' Director did not consider "all· 
relevant evidence" and did not adequately explain why the submitted evidence was not su~ficient to 
establish eligibility. -
· Upon de nova review, we find that the Petitioner has not overcome the Director's findings regarding 
the Beneficiary's employment capacity in his proposed U.S. position. Therefore, we will dismiss the 
appeal on that ground.· However, we find that the record contains sufficient evidence establishing 
that the Beneficiary was employed. abroad in a managerial capacity. Therefore, we will withdraw 
the Director's adverse finding on this issue. 
I. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 
' - ' 
To establish eligibility for the L-lA nonimmigrant visa classification, a qualifying organization must 
have employed the beneficiary "in a capacity thsit is managerial, executive, or involves specialized 
knowledge," for one continuous year within three years precedi~g the beneficiary's application for 
I The Director also com!nented on the Beneficiary's proposed subordinates finding them to be "at most, supervisory 
positions of non-professiqnal positions." As the definition of "managerial capacity" applies only to the Beneficiary's 
proposed position and not to those of his proposed subordinates, the Director's observation is not relevant to the issue of 
the Beneficiary's eligibility and will not be addressed in our discussion. 
'Mailer of U-T-, Inc. 
admission into the United States. Section l0l(a)(l~)(L) of the Act. In addition, the beneficiary 
must seek to enter the United States temporarily to continue rendering his or her services to the same 
employer o/ a subsidiary or1 affiliate thereof in a manageriai or executive capacity. Id. The 
petitioner must also establish that the beneficiary's prior education, training, and employment 
qualify him or her to perform the intended services in the .United States. 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(1)(3). 
II. U.S. EMPLOYMENT IN A MANAGERIAL CAPACITY 
. . ( 
The Petitioner claims that the Beneficiary will be employed in a managerial capacity. Therefore, we 
will only address this claim in our decision and will not consider whether the Beneficiary would be 
employed in an executive capacity. 
"Managerial capacity" means an assignment within an organization in which the employee primarily 
manages the organization, or a department, subdivision, function, or component of the organization; 
supervises and controls the work of other supervisory, professional, or managerial employees, or 
manages an essential function within the organization, or a department or subdivision of the 
organi~ation; has authority over personnel · actions or functions at a senior · level within the 
organizational hierarchy or with respectto the function managed; and exercises discretion over the 
day-to-day operations of the activity or function for which tlie employee has authority. Sectiori 
101(a)(44)(A) of the Act. 
Based on the statutory definition of managerial capacity, the Petitioner must first show that the 
Beneficiary will perform certain high-level responsibpities. Champion World, Inc. v.-lNS, 940 F.2d 
1533 (9th Cir. 1991) (unpublished table decision). • The Petitioner must als~ prove that the 
· Beneficiary will be primarily engaged in managerial duties, as opposed to ordinary operational 
activities alongside the Petitioner's other employees. See Family Inc. v. USCIS, 469 F.3d 1313, 
13_16 (9th Cir. 2006); Champion World, 940 F.2d 1533. 
The job description must clearly state the duties to be performed by the Beneficiary and indicate 
whether such duties are .in a managerial capacity. See 8 CF.R. § 2 l 4.2(1)(3)(ii). Beyond the 
required description of the job duties, we examine the company's organizational structure, the duties 
of the Beneficiary's subordinate employees, the presence of other employees to relieve the 
· Beneficiary from performing operational duties, the nature of the business, and any other factors that 
will contribute to understanding the Beneficiary's actual duties and role in a business. Accordingly, 
we will discuss evidenceTegarding the Beneficiary's job duties along with ~videnc~ of the nature of 
the Petitioner's business and its staffing levels. 
A. Staffing 
If staffing levels are used as a factor in determining whether an individual is acting in a managerial 
capacity, we take into account the reasonable needs of the organization, in light of the overall 
purpose and stage of development of the organization. See section IOI(a)(44)(C) of the A~t. 
2 
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Matter of U-T-, Inc. 
In the present matter, the Petitioner claimed eight employees on the petition form but did not provide 
a gross or net annual income. In support of the petition, the Petitioner provided an organizational 
chart depicting ten positions, including the Beneficiary and individuals who appear to have been 
contracted as part of an outsourcing arrangement. 2 The organizational chart depicts the. 
president/CEO at the top of the\ hierarchy, followed by the general manager, who would ove_rsee the 
Beneficiary in his proposed position as vice general manager. The chart indicates that .the 
Beneficiary would directly oversee a sales channel manager of the "Western Region," a key account 
manager, an office manager, and a national sales manager who appears to be part of the outsourcing 
arrangement and would oversee two (or possibly three) of the outsourced entity's employees. 3 
Regardless, the organizational chart is inconsistent with the claim that the Petitioner had eight 
employees at the time the petition was filed . 
. In a request for evidence (RFE), the Director instructed the Petitioner to provide an organizational 
chart depicting its staffing levels and listing all employees in the Beneficiary's division or team 
along with their job titles, job duties, and educational levels. The Petitioner was also instructed to 
submit payroll evidence, including quarterly wage reports for 2017, the Petitioner's payroll 
summary, and relevant"tax forms, such as Forms W-2, W-3, and 1099-MISC, showing wages paid to 
all individuals whom the Beneficiary would oversee in his proposed position. 
The Petitioner provided a response statement claiming that the Beneficiary will manage the products 
development and sales functions and that he would oversee subordinate managers. The Petitioner 
also provided a new organizational chart that was not entirely consistent with the chart that was 
previously submitted. As the new chart was not dated and unaccompanied by additional 
information, it is unclear whether it depicts the Petitioner's staffing at the time of fiiing or a new 
staffing structure that was in place at the time of the Petitioner's RFE response. This distinction is 
relevant, as the Petitioner must establish that all eligibility requirements for the immigration benefit 
have been- satisfied from the time of the filing and continuing through adjudication. 8 C.F.R. 
§ 103 .2(b )(1 ). If the new chart reflects a staffing structure that was not yet in place at the time of 
filing, the information it contains would not be relevant to establish eligibility in this matter. If, 
however, the new chart was intended to show the Petitioner's organizational hierarchy at the time of 
filing, this would point to inconsistencies between the original and subsequently submitted charts 
and the Petitioner would have to resolve these incongruities by providing independent, objective 
evidence pointing to where the truth lies. Matter <~lHo, 19 I&N Dec. 582, 591-92 (BIA 1988). 
Although both charts depict the Beneficiary as the genernl manager's direct subordinate, the second 
chart shows · a somewhat altered staffing arrangement and assigns new position titles to certain 
2 The ·chart shows that the Beneficiary:s subordinates would include in the position of "National Sales 
Manager, " The latter position is _shown as overseeing two sales employees and an 
marketing position held by The record does not clarify whether and 
are the same person. Therefore, it is not clear whether ___ national sales manager at is 
marketing employee. also 
3 See FN I. 
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Matter of U-T-. /,~c . 
employees. For instance, the new chart shows as directly subordinate to the general 
manager and identifies him as. "Commercial Office Manager Finance," whereas the original 
organizational chart depicted as an office manager, who would be directly subordinate to. 
the Beneficiary. The new chart also shows an altered staffing structure below the Beneficiary's 
position identifying as the "direct sales manager" instead of "key account manager," 
as he was identified in the original chart. Likewise , the new chart identifies as a 
· "marketing and product development manager " overseeing a technical service employee and three 
sales managers; the original chart identified this individual as a "national sales manager, 
' overseeing two (or possibly three) sales managers. 4 Lastly, the new chart 
includes a new position - that of Eastern U.S. channel manager - and indicates that this position 
. would oversee an. outsourced distribution company. As the new position is marked "vacant," it 
appears that the Beneficiary would be tasked with overseeing the outsourced company until the 
vacant positions is filled : 
Further, although the organizational chart in the RFE response listed and 
as its two distributors, the Petitioner only provided a distributorship agreement with 
as evidence of its relationship with an outsourced service provider. Likewise, 
although the same organizational chart indicates that the Petitioner contracted for various 
sales services, it did not provide contracts as evidence of these clai_med business relationships. · The 
Petitioner must support its assertions with relevant, probative, and credible evidence. See Matter of 
Chawathe, 25 I&N Dec. 369, 376 (AAO 2010). We further note that the Petitioner did not provide 
any of the requested wage or payroll evidence, which may have shed light on the discrepancies 
between the various organizational charts and provided information as to whom the Petitioner 
employed at the time of filing; nor did the Petitioner provide subordinate employees ' job duty 
summaries establishing that the Beneficiary would oversee supervisory or professional employees 
and that he would be relieved from having to primarily perform non-managerial job duties. Failure 
to submit requested evidence that precludes a material line of inquiry shall be grounds for denying 
the petition. 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(l4). 
In the denial decision, the Director determined that the Petitioner did not establish that as of the date 
of filing it had attained an organizational structure that would elevate the Beneficiary to a position . 
above that of a first-line . supervisor overseeing non-professional employees . 
On appeal, the Petitioner contends that the Director did not consider "all relevant evidence" and 
provides an "amended" organizational chart without clarifying whether the new chart ·depicts a 
staffing structure that was in place at the time of filing. The Petitioner indicates that the Beneficiary 
would oversee the work of other subordinate managers and manage the products development and 
sales functions; it further states that the Beneficiary has professional subordinates who will relieve 
him from having to carry out the duties related to those functions. The Petitioner offers a job 
description for the channel manager position, which was not depicted in the originally submitted 
- chart. Although this position was depicted in the subsequent chart that was submitted in response to 
4 Id. 
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Matter of U-T-. Inc. 
the RFE, as discussed above, the Petitioner did no~ establish that the staffing structure in that chart 
exisied at the time this petition was filed. 
The Petitioner does not. provide other subordinates' job descriptions nor does it provide a relevant 
payroll summary or wage ~vidence to show who was part of its orgaµizational hierarchy at the time 
of filing, despite the fact that the RFE specifically asked for the submission of such, evidence. As 
noted above, the Petitioner's assertions must be supported with relevant, probative, and credible 
evidence.· See id. Although we acknowledge the Petitioner's submission of a payroll summary for 
September 2018, such evidence is not relevant _as it does not establish the ·Petitioner's staffing 
1..... structure in April 20 I 8 when this petition was filed: The Petitioner. also· provided employment 
contracts for a market analysis specialist, a photographer, and a senior graphic designdr. However, 
the foreign entity, rather than the Petitioner, was named as the employing party in all three contracts 
and the prospective employees named in those contracts were not included in any of the Petitioner's 
organizational charts. As such, the newly submitted employment contracts do not apply to the 
Beneficiary's proposed position. 
We find that the Petitioner did not clarify which of the three submitted organizational charts 
represented the company's claimed staffing structure at the time of filing. Further, as the Petitioner 
did not comply with the Director's request for wage or payroll evidence, we cannot verify the 
content or relevance of those organizational charts, nor can we determine whom the Petitioner 
. employed or contracted at the tim_e of filing and_ whether the staffing arrangement at that time was 
sufficient to relieve the Beneficiary from having to perform primarily non-managerial job duties. An 
employee who "primarily" performs the tasks necessary to produce a product or to provide services 
is not considered to be "primarily" employed in a managerial or executive capacity. See, e.g., 
sections 10l(a)(44)(A) and (B) of the Act (requiring that one "primarily" perform the enumerated 
managerial or executive duties); Matter of Church Scientology Int'/, 19 I&N Dec. 593,604 (Comm'r 
1988). Without sufficient evidence of the Petitioner's staffing, we are unable to determine who was 
available to relieve the Beneficiary from having to primarily perform non-managerial job duties.· 
In sum, the Petitioner has not adequately demonstrated that it had the staffing infrastructure to 
support the Beneficiary in a managerial position at the time this petition was filed. _ 
B. Duties 
We also reviewed the Beneficiary's proposed job description and find that the Petitioner provided 
· insufficient evidence to establish that the Beneficiary would perform primarily managerial job duties 
in his proposed position. The Petitioner claims that the Beneficiary will assume the role of a 
function manager. 
The term "function manager" applies generally when a beneficiary does not supervise or control the 
work of a subordinate staff but instead is primarily responsible for managing an "essential function" 
within the organization. See section 10l(a)(44)(A)(ii) of the Act. If a petitioner claims "that .a 
beneficiary will manage an essential function, .it must clearly descripe the duties to be performed in 
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Matter of U-T-, Inc. 
managing the essential function .. In addition, the petitioner must demonstrate that "(l) the function 
is a clearly defined activity; (2) the function is 'essential,' i.e., core to the organization; (3) the . . 
beneficiary will primarily manage, as opposed to per.form, the function; ( 4) the beneficiary will act 
at a senior level within the organizational hierarchy or with respect to the function managed; and (5) 
the beneficiary will exercise discretion over the function's day-to-day operations." Matter of G­
lnc., Adopted Decision 2017-05 (AAO Nov. 8, 2017). We find that the Petitioner has not 
- established that the Beneficiary will manage an essential function. 
In a supporting cover letter, tlie Petitioner provided a vague job duty breakdown stating that 70% of 
the Beneficiary's time would be spent managing daily operations, "supervising and improving a 
liaison" with the parent company and working with that entity's CEO to develop expansion 
. strategies, "[ m ]anaging the process of identifying, liaising and representing" the Petitioner, 
contacting potential buyers of its various product lines, and organizing and hosting launch events 
that showcase the Petitione(s products in the North American market. The Petitioner did not. 
specify how the Beneficiary would manage its daily operations or supervise and improve "a liaison" 
wi~ the parent company, nor- did it identify any expansion strategies or establish that contacting 
potential clients or organizing and _hosting launch events are managerial-level)ob duties. 
In the RFE response, the Petitioner provided a job description that was similarly vague and appears 
somewhat inconsistent with the job description that was originally submitted. For instance, the new 
job description indicates that the Beneficiary would direct and oversee subordinate managers and 
executives by setting business objectives and tracking their results. The original job description, 
however, broadly stated that the Beneficiary would ti1anage "the process of identifying, liaising and 
_ representing" the Petitioner's products, supervise and work with "other team members" to create 
advertising campaigns, and oversee "sales teams . and customer services personnel" to monitor 
customer feedback; the Petitioner did not initially claim that the Beneficiary would oversee 
"managers and executives" in the course of managing the products development and expansion 
functions and although 'the original organizatio~al chart assigned managerial position titles to all four 
of the Beneficiary's s_ubordinates, only one of those subordinat~s .was depicted as having 
subordi1;1ates of their own, thereby indicating that the employees' re§pective managerial position 
titles were not indicative of managing or overseeing subordinate personnel. 
Further, although the original job description indicates that the Beneficiary would organize and host 
launch events, the new job description indicates that the Beneficiary's involvement would be limited 
to overseeing "the Company's personnel" while they, rather than the Beneficiary, will organize and 
launch these events. As the Petitioner did not describe employee job duties or clarify which 
organizational chart most accurately depicted its staffing at the time of filing, it is unclear which of 
"the Company's personnel" would· actually carry out the organizing and launching -activities. 
Although both job descriptions indicate that the Beneficiary would collaborate with the foreign 
parent entity and work with its CEO to develop business expansion strategies, the Petitioner did not 
discuss any business strategies in greater detail or clarify each party's contribution in the 
collaborative process. Reciting the.Beneficiary's vague job responsibilities or broadly-cast business 
objectives is not sufficient; the regulations require a detailed desc~iption of the Beneficiary's daily 
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Matter of U-T-, Inc. 
j_ob duties. · The actual duties themselves will reveal the true nature of the employment.. Fedin Bros. 
Co., Ltd. v. Sava, 724 F. Supp. 1103, 1108 (E.D.N.Y. 1989), aff'd, 905 F.2d 41 (2d: Cir. 1990). The· 
Petitioner in this matter has not provided any detai 1 or explanation of the Beneficiary's activities in 
the course of their daily routine. Lastly, the Petitioner's second job duty breakdown indicates that 
the Beneficiary will have direct and indirect management authority over "the function of qualifying 
and approving" the company's product distributors; however, despite making the distinction between 
direct .management of this function and indirect management through "personnel in charge of the 
Company's sales channels' management," the Petitioner did not describe the underlying steps 
involved in qualifying 8:nd approving a distributor- or specify the actual ·daily tasks the 8eneficiary 
would perform with respect to the qualification and approval process. 
. . 
On appeal, the Petitioner resubmits the job duty breakdown it provided in response to the RFE and 
states that the Beneficiary will ''head· a critical function" through subordinate employees. Whether a 
· beneficiary is an "activity" or "function" manager turns in part on whether the Petitioner has 
sustained its burden of proving that their duties are "primarily" managerial. See Matter ofZ-A-, Inc., 
Adopted Decision 2016-02 (AAO Apr. 14, 2016). While it is possible that the Beneficiary will 
exercise discretion over the Petitioner's day-to-day operations and possess the req~isite level of 
authority with respect to an essential function, the Petitioner it did not provide a job duty breakdown 
adequately describing the Beneficiary's proposed daily job duties and establishing precisely how he 
will work through other employees to manage the product marketing and development functions. · . . . . ) 
In light of the_ deficiencies discussed above, we find that the Petitioner did not establish that the 
Beneficiary would primarily manage an essential function. 
III. CONCLUSION 
For the reasons discussed above, we find that the Petitioner has not established that the Beneficiary 
will be employed in the United States in a managerial capacity. The appeal will be dismissed for 
this reason. · 
ORDER: The appeal is dismissed. 
Cite as Matter ofU-T-, Inc., ID# 2150.443 (AAO Feb. _13, 2019) 
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