dismissed EB-2 Case: Software Engineering

Edentieing data deleted to 
prevent clearly unwarranted 
invasion of persod privacy 
PUBLIC COPY 
U.S. Department of Homeland Security 
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 
Office of Administrative Appeals, MS 2090 
Washington, DC 20529-2090 
U. S. Citizenship 
and Immigration 
Services 
PETITION: Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker as a Member of the Professions Holding an Advanced 
Degree or an Alien of Exceptional Ability Pursuant to Section 203(b)(2) of the Immigration 
and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. 9 1 153(b)(2) 
ON BEHALF OF PETITIONER: 
INSTRUCTIONS: 
This is the decision of the Administrative Appeals Office in your case. All documents have been returned to 
the office that originally decided your case. Any further inquiry concerning your case must be made to that 
office. 
If you believe the law was inappropriately applied or you have additional information that you wish to have 
considered, you may file a motion to reconsider or a motion to reopen. Please refer to 8 C.F.R. 5 103.5 for 
the specific requirements. All motions must be submitted to the office that originally decided your case by 
filing a Form I-290B, Notice of Appeal or Motion, with a fee of $585. Any motion must be filed within 30 
days of the decision that the motion seeks to reconsider or reopen, as required by 8 C.F.R. 103.5(a)(l)(i). 
Chief, Administrative Appeals Office 
Page 2 
DISCUSSION: The Director, Nebraska Service Center, denied the employment-based immigrant 
visa petition, which is now before the Administrative Appeals Office (AAO) on appeal. The appeal 
will be dismissed. 
The petitioner is a software consulting firm. It seeks to employ the beneficiary permanently in the 
United States as a software engineer/prograrnmer analyst pursuant to section 203(b)(2) of the 
Immigration and Nationality Act (the Act), 8 U.S.C. 5 1153(b)(2). As required by statute, a Form 
ETA 750 Application for Alien Employment Certification (Form ETA 750) approved by the 
Department of Labor (DOL), accompanied the petition. Upon reviewing the petition, the director 
determined that the beneficiary did not satisfy the minimum level of education stated on the labor 
certification. Specifically, the director determined that the beneficiary did not possess a U.S. 
Master's degree or foreign equivalent degree in the field required by the certified Form ETA 750. 
On appeal, counsel asserts that the petitioner established the beneficiary's educational qualifications 
with the evaluation stating that the beneficiary attained the equivalent of U.S. Master of Business 
Administration degree based the beneficiary's three year bachelor's degree and two year master of 
business administration degree from Bharathiyar University in India.' 
The record shows that the appeal is properly and timely filed, and makes a specific allegation of 
error in law or fact. The procedural history in this case is documented by the record and 
incorporated into the decision. Further elaboration of the procedural history will be made only as 
necessary. 
In pertinent part, section 203(b)(2) of the Act provides immigrant classification to members of the 
professions holding advanced degrees or their equivalent and whose services are sought by an 
employer in the United States. An advanced degree is a United States academic or professional 
degree or a foreign equivalent degree above the baccalaureate level. 8 C.F.R. 5 204.5(k)(2). The 
regulation further states: "A United States baccalaureate degree or a foreign equivalent degree 
followed by at least five years of progressive experience in the specialty shall be considered the 
equivalent of a master's degree. If a doctoral degree is customarily required by the specialty, the 
alien must have a United States doctorate or a foreign equivalent degree." Id. 
The AAO maintains plenary power to review each appeal on a de novo basis. 5 U.S.C. 5 557(b) 
("On appeal fiom or review of the initial decision, the agency has all the powers which it would have 
in making the initial decision except as it may limit the issues on notice or by rule."); see also, Janka 
v. US. Dept. of Transp., NTSB, 925 F.2d 1147, 1149 (9th Cir. 1991). The AAO's de novo authority 
has been long recognized by the federal courts. See, e.g. Dor v. INS, 891 F.2d 997, 1002 n. 9 (2d 
1 Tit is noted that while the instant appeal is pending with the Administrative Appeals Office (AAO), on April 
29, 2009, the petitioner filed another Form 1-140 immigrant petition on behalf of the beneficiary based on a 
new certified labor certification seeking to employ the beneficiary permanently in the United States as a 
programmer analyst pursuant to section 203(b)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (the Act), 8 U.S.C. fj 
1 153(b)(3). The petition was approved by the director of Nebraska Service Center on June 27,2009. 
Cir. 1989). The AAO considers all pertinent evidence in the record, including new evidence 
properly submitted upon appeal.2 
The record contains the beneficiary's bachelor of science degree in applied science (computer 
technology) and transcripts for the three years of studies, and master of business administration 
degree and transcripts for the two years of studies both from Bharathiyar University in India in 
March 1996 and April 1998 respectively. Thus, the issues are whether each degree is on its own a 
single source foreign equivalent to a U.S. master's degree, if not, whether each of them is on its own 
a single source foreign equivalent to a US. baccalaureate degree plus five years of experience. We 
must also consider whether the beneficiary meets the job requirements of the proffered job as set forth 
on the labor certification. 
Eligibility for the Classification Sought 
As noted above, the Form ETA 750 in this matter is certified by DOL. DOL's role is limited to 
determining whether there are sufficient workers who are able, willing, qualified and available and 
whether the employment of the alien will adversely affect the wages and working conditions of workers 
in the United States similarly employed. Section 212(a)(5)(A)(i) of the Act; 20 C.F.R. 3 656.1(a). 
It is significant that none of the above inquiries assigned to DOL, or the remaining regulations 
implementing these duties under 20 C.F.R. 3 656, involve a determination as to whether or not the alien 
is qualified for a specific immigrant classification or even the job offered. This fact has not gone 
unnoticed by federal circuit courts. See Tongatapu Woodcraft Hawaii, Ltd. v. Feldman, 736 F. 2d 
1305, 1309 (9th Cir. 1984); Madany v. Smith, 696 F.2d 1008, 1012-1013 (D.C. Cir. 1983). 
The AAO is bound by the Act, agency regulations, precedent decisions of the agency and published 
decisions from the circuit court of appeals from whatever circuit that the action arose. See N L.R. B. 
v. Ashkenazy Property Management Corp., 817 F.2d 74, 75 (9' Cir. 1987) (administrative agencies 
are not free to refuse to follow precedent in cases originating within the circuit); R.L. Inv. Ltd. 
Partners v. INS, 86 F. Supp. 2d 1014, 1022 (D. Haw. 2000), afd 273 F.3d 874 (9th Cir. 2001) 
(unpublished agency decisions and agency legal memoranda are not binding under the APA, even 
when they are published in private publications or widely circulated). 
A United States baccalaureate degree is generally found to require four years of education. Matter 
of Shah, 17 I&N Dec. 244 (Reg'l. Comm'r. 1977). This decision involved a petition filed under 
8 U.S.C. 9 1 153(a)(3) as amended in 1976. At that time, this section provided: 
Visas shall next be made available . . . to qualified immigrants who are members of 
the professions . . . . 
2 The submission of additional evidence on appeal is allowed by the instructions to the Form I-290B, which 
are incorporated into the regulations by the regulation at 8 C.F.R. 5 103.2(a)(l). The record in the instant case 
provides no reason to preclude consideration of any of the documents newly submitted on appeal. See Matter 
of Soriano, 1 9 I&N Dec. 764 (BIA 1 988). 
The Act added section 203(b)(2)(A) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 8 1 153(b)(2)(A), which provides: 
Visas shall be made available . . . to qualified immigrants who are members of the 
professions holding advanced degrees or their equivalent . . . . 
Significantly, the statutory language used prior to Matter of Shah, 17 I&N Dec. at 244 is identical to 
the statutory language used subsequent to that decision but for the requirement that the immigrant 
hold an advanced degree or its equivalent. The Joint Explanatory Statement of the Committee of 
Conference, published as part of the House of Representatives Conference Report on the Act, 
provides that "[in] considering equivalency in category 2 advanced degrees, it is anticipated that the 
alien must have a bachelor's degree with at least five years progressive experience in the 
professions." H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 955, 101" Cong., 2nd Sess. 1990, 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6784, 1990 
WL 201613 at 6786 (Oct. 26,1990). 
At the time of enactment of section 203(b)(2) of the Act in 1990, it had been almost thirteen years 
since Matter of Shah was issued. Congress is presumed to have intended a four-year degree when it 
stated that an alien "must have a bachelor's degree" when considering equivalency for second 
preference immigrant visas. We must assume that Congress was aware of the agency's previous 
treatment of a "bachelor's degree" under the Act when the new classification was enacted and did 
not intend to alter the agency's interpretation of that term. See Lorillard v. Pons, 434 U.S. 575, 580- 
81 (1 978) (Congress is presumed to be aware of administrative and judicial interpretations where it 
adopts a new law incorporating sections of a prior law). See also 56 Fed. Reg. 60897, 60900 (Nov. 
29, 1991) (an alien must have at least a bachelor's degree). 
In 1991, when the final rule for 8 C.F.R. 204.5 was published in the Federal Register, the 
Immigration and Naturalization Service (the Service), responded to criticism that the regulation 
required an alien to have a bachelor's degree as a minimum and that the regulation did not allow for 
the substitution of experience for education. After reviewing section 121 of the Immigration Act of 
1990, Pub. L. 101 -649 (1 990), and the Joint Explanatory Statement of the Committee of Conference, 
the Service specifically noted that both the Act and the legislative history indicate that an alien must 
have at least a bachelor's degree: 
The Act states that, in order to qualify under the second classification, alien members 
of the professions must hold "advanced degrees or their equivalent." As the 
legislative history . . . indicates, the equivalent of an advanced degree is "a bachelor's 
degree with at least five years progressive experience in the professions." Because 
neither the Act nor its legislative history indicates that bachelor's or advanced degrees 
must be United States degrees, the Service will recognize foreign equivalent degrees. 
But both the Act and its legislative history make clear that, in order to qualify as a 
professional under the third classification or to have experience equating to an 
advanced degree under the second, an alien must have at least a bachelor's degree. 
56 Fed. Reg. 60897,60900 (Nov. 29,1991) (emphasis added). 
There is no provision in the statute or the regulations that would allow a beneficiary to qualify under 
section 203(b)(2) of the Act as a member of the professions holding an advanced degree with 
anything less than a full baccalaureate degree. More specifically, a three-year bachelor's degree will 
not be considered to be the "foreign equivalent degree" to a United States baccalaureate degree. 
Matter of Shah, 17 I&N Dec. at 245. In the instant case, the three-year degree in applied science 
(computer technology) from Bharathiar University is not the foreign equivalent degree to a U.S. 
baccalaureate degree. 
We have reviewed the Electronic Database for Global Education (EDGE) created by the American 
Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officer (AACRAO). AACRAO, according to 
its website, www.accrao.org, is "a nonprofit, voluntary, professional association of more than 10,000 
higher education admissions and registration professionals who represent approximately 2,500 
institutions in more than 30 countries." Its mission "is to provide professional development, 
guidelines and voluntary standards to be used by higher education officials regarding the best 
practices in records management, admissions, enrollment management, administrative information 
technology and student services." According to the registration page for EDGE, 
http://accraoedge.accrao.org/register/indephp, EDGE is "a web-based resource for the evaluation 
of foreign educational credentials." 
While the beneficiary's master of business administration is not the foreign equivalent degree to a 
U.S. master's degree in business administration, it represents attainment of a level of education 
comparable to a bachelor's degree in the United States. In order to have experience and education 
equating to an advanced degree under section 203(b)(2) of the Act, the beneficiary must have a 
single degree that is the "foreign equivalent degree" to a United States baccalaureate degree. 8 
C.F.R. 4 204.5(k)(2). Here the beneficiary's master of business administration degree from 
Bharathiar University represents attainment of a level of education comparable to a bachelor's 
degree in the United States. 
For this classification, advanced degree professional, the regulation at 8 C.F.R. 4 204.5(k)(3)(i)(B) 
requires the submission of an "official academic record showing that the alien has a United States 
baccalaureate degree or a foreign equivalent degree." For classification as a member of the 
professions, the regulation at 8 C.F.R. 8 204.5(1)(3)(ii)(C) requires the submission of "an official 
college or university record showing the date the baccalaureate degree was awarded and the area of 
concentration of study." We cannot conclude that the evidence required to demonstrate that an alien 
is an advanced degree professional is any less than the evidence required to show that the alien is a 
professional. To do so would undermine the congressionally mandated classification scheme by 
allowing a lesser evidentiary standard for the more restrictive visa classification. Moreover, the 
commentary accompanying the proposed advanced degree professional regulation specifically states 
that a "baccalaureate means a bachelor's degree received ?om a college or university, or an 
equivalent degree." (Emphasis added.) 56 Fed. Reg. 30703, 30306 (July 5, 1991). C' 8 C.F.R. 
$ 204.5(k)(3)(ii)(A) (relating to aliens of exceptional ability requiring the submission of "an official 
academic record showing that the alien has a degree, diploma, certiJicate or similar award from a 
college, university, school or other institution of learning relating to the area of exceptional ability"). 
In this case, the record contains evidence showing that the diploma and transcripts from Bharathiar 
University indicate that the beneficiary was awarded the degree from that university which is an 
accredited university in India. 
Therefore, the beneficiary has a "United States baccalaureate degree or a foreign equivalent degree," 
and thus, meet the minimum level of education required for the equivalent of an advanced degree, 
namely a Bachelor's degree, for preference visa classification under section 203(b)(2) of the Act. 
However, to qualify for the second preference classification, the beneficiary must establish that he 
possessed at least five years of progressive experience in the specialty after his bachelor's equivalent 
degree but prior to the priority date. 
Qualifications for the Job Offered 
Relying in part on Madany, 696 F.2d at 1008, the U.S. Federal Court of Appeals for the Ninth 
Circuit (Ninth Circuit) stated: 
[I]t appears that the DOL is responsible only for determining the availability of 
suitable American workers for a job and the impact of alien employment upon the 
domestic labor market. It does not appear that the DOL's role extends to 
determining if the alien is qualified for the job for which he seeks sixth preference 
status. That determination appears to be delegated to the INS under section 204(b), 
8 U.S.C. 5 1154(b), as one of the determinations incident to the INS'S decision 
whether the alien is entitled to sixth preference status. 
K. R. K. Irvine, Inc. v. Landon, 699 F.2d 1006, 1008 (9th Cir. 1983). The court relied on an amicus brief 
from DOL that stated the following: 
The labor certification made by the Secretary of Labor ... pursuant to section 
212(a)[(5)] of the ... [Act] ... is binding as to the findings of whether there are able, 
willing, qualified, and available United States workers for the job offered to the alien, 
and whether employment of the alien under the terms set by the employer would 
adversely affect the wages and working conditions of similarly employed United 
States workers. The labor certiJication in no way indicates that the alien ofleered the 
certlJied job opportunity is qual8ed (or not qualijied) to perform the duties of that 
job. 
(Emphasis added.) Id at 1009. The Ninth Circuit, citing K. R.K. lrvine, Inc., 699 F.2d at 1006, revisited 
this issue, stating: "The INS, therefore, may make a de novo determination of whether the alien is in 
fact qualified to fill the certified job offer." Tongatapu, 736 F. 2d at 1309. 
The key to determining the job qualifications are found on Form ETA 750A, Item 14 which requires 
a master's degree or equivalent in computer science, technology or business administration. The 
item 14 also requires two years of experience in the job offered in addition to the degree. 
Page 7 
Moreover, when determining whether a beneficiary is eligible for a preference immigrant visa, U.S. 
Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) may not ignore a term of the labor certification, nor 
may it impose additional requirements. See Madany, 696 F.2d at 1015. USCIS must examine "the 
language of the labor certification job requirements" in order to determine what the job requires. Id. 
The only rational manner by which USCIS can be expected to interpret the meaning of terms used to 
describe the requirements of a job in a labor certification is to examine the certified job offer exactly 
as it is completed by the prospective employer. See Rosedale Linden Park Company v. Smith, 595 F. 
Supp. 829, 833 (D.D.C. 1984) (emphasis added). USCIS'S interpretation of the job's requirements, 
as stated on the labor certification must involve reading and applying the plain language of the alien 
employment certification application form. See id. at 834. USCIS cannot and should not reasonably 
be expected to look beyond the plain language of the labor certification that DOL has formally 
issued or otherwise attempt to divine the employer's intentions through some sort of reverse 
engineering of the labor certification. 
Counsel submits educational evaluations stating that the beneficiary's master of business 
administration degree fiom Bharathiar University in India upon completion of two years of studies 
following his three year bachelor is the foreign equivalent degree to a U.S. master of business 
administration degree. USCIS may, in its discretion, use as advisory opinions statements submitted 
as expert testimony. However, where an opinion is not in accord with other information or is in any 
way questionable, USCIS is not required to accept or may give less weight to that evidence. Matter 
of Caron International, 19 I&N Dec. 791 (Comm. 1988). 
As previously discussed, the evidence in the record establishes that the beneficiary has a single 
source foreign equivalent degree to a U.S. baccalaureate degree in business administration. 
However, the record does not contain documentary evidence that the beneficiary possessed at least 
five years of post-baccalaureate experience in the specialty as of the priority date. The beneficiary 
obtained his bachelor equivalent degree in December 1999 and the priority date in the instant case is 
April 16, 2003, and therefore, the beneficiary does not have at least five years of experience in the 
specialty after his degree but before the priority date of April 16, 2003. The record does not contain 
regulatory-prescribed evidence to establish the beneficiary's five years of progressive experience in 
the specialty and additional two years of experience in the job offered. 
The beneficiary has a "United States baccalaureate degree or a foreign equivalent degree," but does 
not have the required seven years of experience in the job offered or the specialty, and thus, does not 
qualify for preference visa classification under section 203(b)(2) of the Act. Therefore, the 
beneficiary does not meet the job requirements on the labor certification. For these reasons, 
considered both in sum and as separate grounds for denial, the petition may not be approved. 
The burden of proof in these proceedings rests solely with the petitioner. Section 291 of the Act, 
8 U.S.C. $ 136 1. The petitioner has not met that burden. 
ORDER: The appeal is dismissed.