dismissed L-1A Case: Travel Agency

identifying data deleted to 
prevent clearly unwarranted 
invasion of personal privac) 
PUBLIC COpy 
U.S. Department of Homeland Security 
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 
Administrative Appeals Office (AAO) 
20 Massachusetts Ave .• N.W .• MS 2090 
Washington. DC 20529-2090 
U. S. Citizenship 
and Immigration 
Services 
DATE: JUN 2 7 2011 Office: CALIFORNIA SERVICE CENTER FILE: 
INRE: Petitioner: 
Beneficiary: 
PETITION: Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker Pursuant to Section 101(a)(15)(L) of the Immigration 
and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15)(L) 
ON BEHALF OF PETITIONER: 
INSTRUCTIONS: 
Enclosed please find the decision of the Administrative Appeals Office in your case. All of the documents 
related to this matter have been returned to the office that originally decided your case. Please be advised that 
any further inquiry that you might have concerning your case must be made to that office. 
If you believe the law was inappropriately applied by us in reaching our decision, or you have additional 
information that you wish to have considered, you may file a motion to reconsider or a motion to reopen. The 
specific requirements for filing such a request can be found at 8 C.F.R. § 103.5. All motions must be 
submitted to the office that originally decided your case by filing a Form I-290B, Notice of Appeal or Motion, 
with a fee of $630. Please be aware that 8 C.F.R. § 103.5(a)(1)(i) requires that any motion must be filed 
within 30 days of the decision that the motion seeks to reconsider or reopen. 
Thank you, 
Perry Rhew 
Chief, Administrative Appeals Office 
www.uscis.gov 
Page 2 
DISCUSSION: The Director, California Service Center, denied the nonimmigrant visa petition. The matter is 
now before the Administrative Appeals Office (AAO) on appeal. The AAO will dismiss the appeal. 
The petitioner filed this nonimmigrant petition seeking to extend the beneficiary'S employment as a 
nonimmigrant intracompany transferee pursuant to section 101(a)(15)(L) of the Immigration and Nationality 
Act (the Act), 8 U.S.C. § llOl(a)(15)(L). The petitioner, a California limited liability company established in 
2009, intends to operate a travel agency and claims to be a subsidiary of Green International Joint Stock Co., 
located in Vietnam. The petitioner seeks to employ the beneficiary in the position of marketing manager in its 
new office in the United States for a period of three years.l 
The director denied the petition based on two independent and alternative grounds, concluding that the 
petitioner failed to establish: (1) that the petitioner has a qualifYing relationship with the beneficiary'S foreign 
employer; and (2) that the foreign entity has continuously employed the beneficiary on a full-time basis in a 
managerial or executive capacity for at least one year within the three years preceding the filing of the 
petition. 
The petitioner subsequently filed an appeal. The director declined to treat the appeal as a motion and 
forwarded the appeal to the AAO. On appeal, counsel asserts that the petitioner submitted sufficient evidence 
to establish the required qualifYing relationship and suggests that the director overlooked evidence of the 
actual ownership of the U.S. company. Counsel further maintains that the beneficiary was employed by the 
foreign entity in an executive and managerial capacity for two years prior to her admission to the United 
States in B-2 status. Counsel submits a brief and additional evidence in support of the appeal. 
I. The Law 
To establish eligibility for the L-l nonimmigrant visa classification, the petitioner must meet the criteria 
outlined in section 101(a)(15)(L) of the Act. Specifically, a qualifYing organization must have employed the 
beneficiary in a qualifYing managerial or executive capacity, or in a specialized knowledge capacity, for one 
continuous year within three years preceding the beneficiary'S application for admission into the United 
States. In addition, the beneficiary must seek to enter the United States temporarily to continue rendering his 
or her services to the same employer or a subsidiary or affiliate thereof in a managerial, executive, or 
specialized knowledge capacity. 
The regulation at 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(1)(3) states that an individual petition filed on Form 1-129 shall be 
accompanied by: 
(i) Evidence that the petitioner and the organization which employed or will employ the 
alien are qualifYing organizations as defined in paragraph (1)(1)(ii)(G) of this section. 
1 Pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 2l4.2(1)(7)(i)(A)(2), if the beneficiary is coming to the United States to open or be 
employed in a new office, the petition may be approved for a period not to exceed one year. 
Page 3 
(ii) Evidence that the alien will be employed in an executive, managerial, or specialized 
knowledge capacity, including a detailed description of the services to be performed. 
(iii) Evidence that the alien has at least one continuous year of full-time employment 
abroad with a qualifying organization within the three years preceding the filing of 
the petition. 
(iv) Evidence that the alien's prior year of employment abroad was in a position that was 
managerial, executive or involved specialized knowledge and that the alien's prior 
education, training, and employment qualifies himlher to perform the intended 
services in the United States; however, the work in the United States need not be the 
same work which the alien performed abroad. 
The regulation at 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(l)(3)(v) also provides that if the petition indicates that the beneficiary is 
coming to the United States as a manager or executive to open or be employed in a new office in the United 
States, the petitioner shall submit evidence that: 
(A) Sufficient physical premises to house the new office have been secured; 
(B) The beneficiary has been employed for one continuous year in the three year period 
preceding the filing of the petition in an executive or managerial capacity and that the 
proposed employment involves executive or managerial authority over the new 
operation; and 
(C) The intended United States operation, within one year of the approval of the petition, 
will support an executive or managerial position as defined in paragraphs (l)(1)(ii)(B) 
or (C) of this section, supported by information regarding: 
(1) The proposed nature of the office describing the scope of the entity, its 
organizational structure, and its financial goals; 
(2) The size of the United States investment and the financial ability of the 
foreign entity to remunerate the beneficiary and to commence doing business 
in the United States; and 
(3) The organizational structure of the foreign entity. 
II. The Issues on Appeal 
A. Qualifying Relationship 
The first issue addressed by the director is whether the petItIoner established that it has a qualifying 
relationship with the beneficiary's foreign employer. To establish a "qualifying relationship" under the Act 
and the regulations, the petitioner must show that the beneficiary's foreign employer and the proposed U.S. 
Page 4 
employer are the same employer (i.e. one entity with "branch" offices), or related as a "parent and subsidiary" 
or as "affiliates." See generally section 101(a)(15)(L) ofthe Act; 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(1). 
The pertinent regulations at 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(1)(l)(ii) define the term "qualifying organization" and related 
terms as follows: 
(G) Qualifying organization means a United States or foreign firm, corporation, or other 
legal entity which: 
(1) Meets exactly one of the qualifying relationships specified in the 
definitions of a parent, branch, affiliate or subsidiary specified in 
paragraph (I)(l)(ii) of this section; 
(2) Is or will be doing business (engaging III international trade is not 
required) as an employer in the United States and in at least one other 
country directly or through a parent, branch, affiliate or subsidiary for the 
duration of the alien's stay in the United States as an intracompany 
transferee [ .] 
* * * 
(I) Parent means a firm, corporation, or other legal entity which has subsidiaries. 
* * * 
(K) Subsidiary means a firm, corporation, or other legal entity of which a parent owns, 
directly or indirectly, more than half of the entity and controls the entity; or owns, 
directly or indirectly, half of the entity and controls the entity; or owns, directly or 
indirectly, 50 percent of a 50-50 joint venture and has equal control and veto power 
over the entity; or owns, directly or indirectly, less than half of the entity, but in fact 
controls the entity. 
(L) Affiliate means 
(1) One of two subsidiaries both of which are owned and controlled by the same 
parent or individual, or 
(2) One of two legal entities owned and controlled by the same group of individuals, 
each individual owning and controlling approximately the same share or 
proportion of each entity. 
The petitioner indicated on the Form 1-129, Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker, that it a subsidiary of Green 
International Joint Stock Co. (Vietnam), and that the foreign entity owns a 99 percent interest in the company. 
Page 5 
In a letter dated April 23, 2009, the petttIoner stated that "Green International Tourism Services & 
Commercial Joint Stock Company," a Vietnamese company registered in 2001, owns 99% of the U.S. 
company, which was organized as a limited liability company in California in April 2009. The petitioner 
submitted the following evidence relating to the establishment of the U.S. company: 
l. 
resolved to appoint the beneficiary and to purchase a company abroad and 
serve as its Marketing Manager and Executive Director, respectively. 
2. Evidence that the shareholders of the foreign entity, as of November 10, 2008, are the 
beneficiary and 1. 
3. The petitioner's Limited Liability Company Articles of Organization filed with the 
California Secretary of State on April 10, 2009. 
4. The petitioner's Limited Liability company Operating Agreement dated April 10, 2009, 
signed by the beneficiary and _as members. 
5. Certificate of Interest Number 1, issued on April 12, 2009, indicating that Green 
International Tourism Service & Commercial Joint Stock Company owns a 99% interest 
in the U.S. company. 
The director issued a request for additional evidence ("RFE") on May 8, 2009, in which she requested, inter 
alia, additional evidence to establish that the U.S. and foreign entities have a qualifying relationship. 
Specifically, the director requested: (1) proof of stock purchase, including evidence to show that the claimed 
foreign parent company has paid for its ownership interest in the U.S. entity; (2) copies of the U.S. company's 
ledger showing all stOCk/membership certificates, including names of shareholders/members and purchase 
price; and (3) a detailed list of owners for the U.S. company, including names and percentages of ownership. 
The director also requested bank statements and evidence of U.S. bank account activities for the U.S. 
company, and copies of all business plans prepared by the foreign entity for the new office in the United 
States, and the minutes of meetings for any Board of Directors' resolutions regarding the set-up of the U.S. 
office. 
The petitioner's response included a letter from the foreign entity indicating that its Board of Directors 
decided to establish a branch in California with an initial investment amount of $100,000.00 to be used as 
capital for all expenses and marketing requirements. The petitioner submitted a letter from Bank of America 
indicating that the U.S. company opened two checking accounts on April 21, 2009, and had a balance in 
excess of $102,000 as of May 15, 2009. The petitioner provided a wire transfer receipt showing that the 
foreign entity transferred $77,966.00 to the U.S. company's account on May 20, 2009. The "remittance info" 
noted on the receipt is "Pmt for Chapman Executive Suites Office Suite Lease DD.18.05.2009." 
These documents were accompanied by a Bank of America Balance Summary showing that the petitioner's 
account was opened with a deposit of $100 on April 21, 2009. The company account shows a $40,000 
deposit on May 13, a $41,000 deposit on May 14, and a $20,000 deposit on May 14. 
The petitioner also submitted the minutes of the U.S. company's organizational meeting held on April 17, 
2009, at which it was resolved that the foreign entity would be apportioned a 99% membership interest in the 
company in exchange for consideration of $100,000 and would receive a 1 % interest in 
Page 6 
the company for $1.00. The petitioner provided a copy of its membership interest transfer ledger indicating 
the issuance of membership certificates numbers one and two in the stated percentages. 
According to the minutes of a Special Meeting of the Board of Directors of the petitioning company held on 
May 15, 2009, the directors resolved that the and shareholders in 
provide a 
shareholder loan in the amount of $101,000 ($60,000 from_, and $41,000 from [the beneficiary]) to 
[the U.S .. company] to be repaid by company profits within the first three (3) years of operation at zero (0%) 
interest." This loan was stated to be "in addition to the $100,000 capital infusion from the parent company." 
The director denied the petition on June 10, 2009, concluding that the petitioner failed to establish that the 
U.S. and foreign entities have a qualifying relationship. The director acknowledged receipt of the petitioner's 
membership certificate indicating majority ownership by the foreign entity, but found insufficient evidence to 
establish that the foreign entity actually paid for its ownership interest in the U.S. company. The director 
noted that the only evidence the petitioner provided which indicated a wire transfer from the foreign entity 
was the transfer in the amount of $77,966 made on May 20, 2009, subsequent to the date the petition was 
filed. The director emphasized that, pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(12), a petition shall be denied where 
evidence submitted in response to a request for initial evidence does not establish filing eligibility at the time 
the application or petition was filed. 
On appeal, counsel for the petitioner asserts that the evidence establishes that the U.S. company "is clearly a 
creation of [the foreign entity] and no other." Counsel asserts that "this relationship was manifest, in one 
pressing fashion, by [the foreign entity's] payment of 100,000 shares of [the U.S. company] in two payments 
of $90,000.00 and $77,966.00 on May 19, and May 20, 2009, respectively." 
Counsel contends that submission of "additional evidence of [the foreign entity's] ownership and control after 
the date of the petitioner does not deny existence of this fact before that date." Counsel further notes that the 
foreign entity did in fact disburse funds in the amount of $1 00, 194.46 to the petitioning company on April 21, 
2009, and specifically dispatched the beneficiary two of its officers, to the United States 
to establish the U.S. company. 
The petitioner submits new evidence on appeal including a Bank of America record that appears to show a 
wire transfer in the amount of $41,012 to the beneficiary's personal account on May 13, 2009 and a 
subsequent withdrawal of $41,000 on May 14, 2009. The petitioner submits records for _ also 
reflecting a wire transfer in the amount of $41,099 into his account on May 12, 2009, and a subsequent 
transfer of $41,000 out of his account on May 13, 2009. Finally, the petitioner submitted a similar receipt for 
one of the petitioner's accounts which shows total deposits and transfers of $10 I ,000 made on May 13 and 14, 
2009, including a $40,000 transfer, a $41,000 deposit and a $20,000 transfer, resulting in an account balance 
of $101,194 as of May 14, 2009. The petitioner's account activity statement also shows a $90,000 online 
banking transfer from a different company checking account on May 19,2009. The statement indicates that 
the petitioner transferred this amount to an account designated ' " on May 18, 2009 and then 
transferred it back to the same account on May 19,2009. 
Page 7 
Upon review, the AAO concurs with the director's determination that the petitioner failed to establish the 
qualifying relationship between the U.S. and foreign entities based on its failure to document that the foreign 
entity actually paid for its ownership interest. 
As general evidence of a petitioner's claimed qualifying relationship, stock or membership certificates alone 
are not sufficient evidence to determine whether a stockholder or member maintains ownership and control of 
a corporate entity. The corporate stock or membership certificate ledger, stock certificate registry, corporate 
bylaws, operating agreement and the minutes of relevant annual shareholder or member meetings must also 
be examined to determine the total number of shares or membership units issued, the exact number issued to 
the shareholders or members, and the subsequent percentage ownership and its effect on corporate control. 
Additionally, a petitioning company must disclose all agreements relating to the voting of shares, the 
distribution of profit, the management and direction of the subsidiary, and any other factor affecting actual 
control of the entity. See Matter of Siemens Medical Systems, Inc., 19 I&N Dec. 362 (BIA 1986). Without 
full disclosure of all relevant documents, USCIS is unable to determine the elements of ownership and 
control. 
The regulations specifically allow the director to request additional evidence in appropriate cases. See 8 
C.F.R. § 214.2(I)(3)(viii). As ownership is a critical element of this visa classification, the director may 
reasonably inquire beyond the issuance of paper stock or membership certificates into the means by which 
stock ownership or membership was acquired. As requested by the director, evidence of this nature should 
include documentation of monies, property, or other consideration furnished to the entity in exchange for 
stock ownership or membership. 
According to the minutes of the U.S. company's organizational meeting held on April 17, 2009, it was agreed 
that the foreign entity would be issued 99 percent ownership in the petitioning company in exchange for 
consideration of $1 00,000. Given that the U.S. company issued a certificate of interest to the foreign entity at 
that time, it was reasonable for the director to request evidence that the foreign entity had in fact provided the 
funds to the U.S. company in exchange for its ownership interest. The petitioner has not provided evidence of 
a payment in this amount from the foreign entity contemporaneous with the issuance of the membership 
certificate. Counsel's claim on appeal that the foreign entity disbursed $100,194.46 to the U.S. entity on April 
21, 2009 is not supported by the evidence of record. 
Further, while the petitioner was able to provide evidence that the U.S. company had $100,000 in its bank 
account as of May 15, 2009, approximately two weeks after the date the petition was filed, these funds 
appears to have been provided by the beneficiary and _ not by the foreign entity. These same two 
individuals executed the petitioner's operating agreement as "members." 
The record remains devoid of evidence of a $100,000 payment that can be traced to the foreign entity. The 
foreign entity's transfer of $77,966 to the petitioning entity subsequent to the issuance of the RFE, as noted by 
the director, does not establish the petitioner's eligibility as of the date of filing the petition. The regulation 
states that the petitioner shall submit additional evidence as the director, in his or her discretion, may deem 
necessary. The purpose of the request for evidence is to elicit further information that clarifies whether 
eligibility for the benefit sought has been established, as of the time the petition is filed. See 8 C.F.R. §§ 
103 .2(b )(8) and (12). The failure to submit requested evidence that precludes a material line of inquiry shall 
be grounds for denying the petition. 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(14). The petitioner must establish eligibility at the 
Page 8 
time of filing the nonimmigrant visa petition. A visa petition may not be approved at a future date after the 
petitioner or beneficiary becomes eligible under a new set of facts. Matter of Michelin Tire Corp., 17 I&N 
Dec. 248 (Reg. Comm. 1978). 
Finally, we note that counsel's claim that the foreign entity disbursed "$167,966.00 in two payments of 
$90,000.00 and $77,966.00" on May 19 and May 20,2009 is simply not supported by the record. The foreign 
entity did wire transfer $77,966 to the u.s. company's account on May 20, 2009. However, the $90,000 
transaction referenced by counsel appears to be an internal transfer from one of the u.s. company's accounts 
to another. The funds themselves appear to have originated with the above-referenced deposits from the 
beneficiary and Therefore, even if the AAO considered financial transactions that took place 
subsequent to the date of filing, the petitioner has not provided evidence of a payment of $100,000 or more 
from the foreign entity. 
The AAO acknowledges that the record contains evidence that the foreign and U.S. companies are related in 
terms of their business name and officers, and it would be erroneous to state that no evidence of a qualifying 
relationship was provided. The regulation and case law confirm that ownership and control are the factors that 
must be examined in determining whether a qualifying relationship exists between United States and foreign 
entities for purposes of this visa classification. Matter of Church Scientology International, 19 I&N Dec. 593 
(BIA 1988); see also Matter of Siemens Medical Systems, Inc., 19 I&N Dec. 362 (BIA 1986); Matter of 
Hughes, 18 I&N Dec. 289 (Comm. 1982). In the context of this visa petition, ownership refers to the direct or 
indirect legal right of possession of the assets of an entity with full power and authority to control; control 
means the direct or indirect legal right and authority to direct the establishment, management, and operations 
of an entity. Matter of Church Scientology International, 19 I&N Dec. at 595. 
Here, the petitioner failed to document one of the essential elements of the foreign entity's claimed ownership 
of the u.s. company, and the record contains unsupported and inconsistent claims about when, how or 
whether the foreign entity ever paid for such ownership interest. For these reasons, the AAO will affirm the 
director's decision and dismiss the appeal. 
B. Continuous Year of Employment Abroad 
The second issue to be addressed is whether the petitioner submitted evidence that the beneficiary has at least 
one continuous year of full-time employment abroad with a qualifying organization within the three years 
preceding the filing of the petition, as required by 8 C.F.R. §§ 214.2(1)(3)(iii) and 214.2(l)(3)(v)(B). 
The petitioner indicated on the Form 1-129 that the beneficiary has been employed by the foreign entity since 
February 2007 as a Member of the Board of Directors and "manager of marketing for company branch." The 
petitioner submitted a copy of the beneficiary'S resume which indicates that she is "marketing director and 
shareholder" of the foreign entity since 2007. The resume lists previous experience as marketing director for 
two unrelated travel companies between 1999 and 2007. 
The petitioner also submitted an employment certificate from the foreign entity in which it states that the 
beneficiary has been employed in the full-time position of Marketing Director from 2007 to the present, at a 
monthly salary ofVND 9500.00. 
Page 9 
In the request for evidence issued on May 8,2009, the director advised the petitioner as follows: 
Information received from the U.S. Embassy: The record indicates that the beneficiary has 
applied for her B lIB2 visa three times in the years 2006, 2007 and 2009 at the U.S. Embassy 
the beneficiary claimed that she works for her 
as vice director of trade, marketing director and sales 
director. As such, the petitioner's claim that the beneficiary has been working for the 
Vietnam entity Green International Tours since the year 2007; also for two other companies 
Sasco Tourism Company and Vietravel Company, has raised a substantial doubt. Please 
submit sufficient documentary evidence to explain this discrepancy. 
In response to the RFE, counsel noted that the petitioner submitted an employment verification letter from the 
foreign entity at the time of filing, attesting to the duration of the beneficiary's tenure with the company. 
Counsel emphasized that the beneficiary was not employed by the foreign entity when she applied for her first 
B IIB2 visa in 2006, and therefore, there is no discrepancy. Finally, the petitioner submitted a letter from the 
beneficiary dated May 1,2009, in which she stated: 
I ... was invited by my brother who works for Goldman Sachs in the U.S. for a 
2009. When I applied for this visa, I did not mention my other business 
because there is room for one employer name and address. I only 
included my family business which is an import and export company in 
have been working for •••••••• 
since 2007 as Marketing Director. 
When I applied for my visitor's visa m 2006, I had not started working for Green 
International Tourism. 
The director denied the petition, determining that the petitioner failed to establish that the beneficiary had at 
least one continuous year of full-time employment abroad with the foreign entity in the three years preceding 
the filing of the petition. In denying the petition, the director acknowledged the beneficiary's statement and 
stated: 
[I]t is unclear why in two occasions December 2007 and April 2009; the beneficiary did not 
place Green Tours International as her employer. It is further unclear why the beneficiary did 
not , a company that she worked [for] during [the] period from 2002 
to 2007, as her employer during the interview in April 2006. The beneficiary's mere 
statement that there is not enough space for more than one employer and address to claim the 
foreign entity as her employer does not sustain the burden of proof in this preceding. 
On appeal, counsel maintains that the statements the beneficiary made on her previous nonimmigrant visa 
applications do not contradict the statements made in the instant petition. Counsel asserts that the beneficiary 
was not employed by the foreign entity in 2006 and therefore did not indicate her employment with the 
foreign entity on her visa application in 2006. Counsel notes that in April 2009, when applying for her most 
recent B lIB2 visa application, "the beneficiary listed her family business ... simply because she was taking a 
family trip to visit her brother, who was working at Goldman Sachs in the United States; it was not an official 
business visit." 
Counsel contends that the visa application only permitted a listing of one employer, and claims that the 
beneficiary's "past involvement with her family business is not formal nor does it command the full amount of 
her knowledge, skills and resources as her work with [the foreign entity]." Counsel describes her work with 
the petitioner and foreign entity as the beneficiary's "utmost professional endeavors." 
In support of the appeal, the petitioner re-submits the beneficiary's statement dated May 1, 2009. The 
petitioner also submits copies of four tourism contracts executed by the foreign entity which list the 
beneficiary as the company representative. The contracts are dated January 20,2008, January 21, 2008, April 
14,2008 and March 1,2009. 
Upon review, the AAO concurs with the director's determination that the petitioner has failed to establish that 
the beneficiary had at least one year of continuous full-time employment with the foreign entity within the 
three years preceding the filing of the petition. 
As noted by the director, the beneficiary's statements with respect to her employer on her B IIB2 visa 
applications reasonably raises questions regarding the reliability of the petitioner's statements regarding her 
employment history. If the beneficiary's claimed employment with the foreign entity is her "utmost 
professional endeavor," then it follows that she would provide U.S. consular officials with the name, address 
and contact information of her primary employer when applying for a visitor visa, particularly considering the 
relatively short lapse in time before the beneficiary's most recent visa application in February 2009 and the 
filing of this petition and a request for a change of status from B-2 to L-IA in April 2009. At a minimum, the 
contradictory information in the record raises questions as to whether the beneficiary's employment with the 
foreign entity was on a full-time basis. 
While the evidence of record indicates that the beneficiary is an officer and a shareholder of the foreign entity, 
the date of her initial association with the company has not been established through documentary evidence. 
The record does not support the petitioner's statements that the beneficiary is a "founding shareholder" of the 
company, or that she has been a shareholder since 2007, as claimed. 
The petitioner submitted a partially translated Vietnamese business registration certificate that appears to be 
dated February 17, 2009. The certificate indicates that the company has 29,680 purchased shares and charter 
capital of VND 2.968,000,000. The document identifies three shareholders, (16,320 
shares), and , with a note indicating that the latter two individuals 
"implemented to transfer share." Both the English translation and the original Vietnamese document are 
incomplete. Going on record without supporting documentary evidence is not sufficient for purposes of 
meeting the burden of proof in these proceedings. Matter of Saffici, 22 I&N Dec. 158, 165 (Comm. 1998) 
(citing Matter of Treasure Craft of California, 14 I&N Dec. 190 (Reg. Comm. 1972)). 
Although the petitioner submitted a separate document titled "Announcement on Changes in Contents of 
Business Registration" indicating that as of November 10, 2008, the beneficiary is a 50 percent shareholder of 
the foreign entity, the beneficiary's name does not appear on either the partial English version or partial 
Vietnamese version of the Business Registration Certificates issued in February 2009. The petitioner 
submitted a separate Capital Contribution Certificate, which indicates that the beneficiary became an official 
shareholder" from November 10,2008, less than six months prior to the filing of the petition. 
If the beneficiary was in fact a full-time employee of the foreign entity since 2007 at a salary of VND 
9,500.00 per month as stated in the foreign entity's employment verification letter, the best evidence to 
demonstrate this fact would be payroll and tax records reflecting such payments to the beneficiary over a 
twelve-month period. Instead, the petitioner has twice sought to rely on the beneficiary's own statement, and 
a letter from the foreign entity. In light of the information the beneficiary provided to U.S. Consular officials 
in support of her nonimmigrant visa applications, such statements, even when considered with the newly 
submitted company contracts bearing her name, are insufficient to establish her eligibility, and will not be 
accepted in lieu of objective evidence confirming a full year of employment with the foreign entity within the 
three years preceding the filing of the petition. Failure to submit requested evidence that precludes a material 
line of inquiry shall be grounds for denying the petition. 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(14). The non-existence or other 
unavailability of required evidence creates a presumption of ineligibility. 8 C.F.R. § 103 .2(b )(2)(i). 
For the foregoing reasons, the petitioner has not overcome the director's determination, and the appeal will be 
dismissed. 
C. Employment Abroad in a Managerial or Executive Capacity 
The third and final issue addressed by the director is whether the petitioner established that the beneficiary 
was employed abroad in a qualifying managerial or executive capacity, as required by 8 C.F.R. 
§§ 214.2(l)(3)(iv) and 214.2(l)(3)(v)(B). 
Section 101(a)(44)(A) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(44)(A), provides: 
The term "managerial capacity" means an assignment within an organization in which the employee 
primarily--
(i) manages the organization, or a department, subdivision, function, or 
component of the organization; 
(ii) supervises and controls the work of other supervisory, professional, or 
managerial employees, or manages an essential function within the 
organization, or a department or subdivision of the organization; 
(iii) if another employee or other employees are directly supervised, has the 
authority to hire and fire or recommend those as well as other personnel 
actions (such as promotion and leave authorization), or if no other employee 
is directly supervised, functions at a senior level within the organizational 
hierarchy or with respect to the function managed; and 
(iv) exercises discretion over the day-to-day operations of the activity or function 
for which the employee has authority. A first-line supervisor is not 
considered to be acting in a managerial capacity merely by virtue of the 
Page 12 
supervisor's supervisory duties unless the employees supervised are 
professional. 
Section 101(a)(44)(B) of the Act, 8 U.S.c. § 1101(a)(44)(B), provides: 
The term "executive capacity" means an assignment within an organization in which the employee 
primarily--
(i) directs the management of the organization or a major component or function 
of the organization; 
(ii) establishes the goals and policies of the organization, component, or 
function; 
(iii) exercises wide latitude in discretionary decision-making; and 
(iv) receives only general supervision or direction from higher level executives, 
the board of directors, or stockholders of the organization. 
As a preliminary matter, we note that, in light of the director's finding that the petitioner failed to establish 
that the beneficiary was employed by the foreign entity on a full-time basis for at least one continuous year 
within the three years preceding the filing of the petition, this issue could be considered moot. Nevertheless, 
we will address the director's findings and the petitioner's response on appeal as they relate to the beneficiary'S 
role with the foreign entity. 
In its letter dated April 23, 2009, the petitioner indicated that the beneficiary currently serves as General 
Director and Marketing Manager for the foreign entity's branch office in Ho Chi Minh City, where she has 
been responsible for: 
• Operations management and advising the company board members of company 
objectives and plans 
• Oversee marketing, promotion and expansion of services 
• Managing the organization's resources within budget guidelines according to current 
laws and regulations 
• Effectively managing the human resources of the organization according to 
authorized personnel policies and procedures that fully conform to current laws and 
regulations 
• Assuring the organization and its mission, programs, products and services are 
consistently presented in strong, positive image to relevant stakeholders 
• Negotiating with potential business partners 
• Promoting company image and marketing of company services 
• Developing a pricing strategy to aid in the maximizing of profits, and acquire a share 
of the market 
In the RFE issued on May 8, 2009, the director requested a more detailed description of the beneficiary's 
duties abroad, including the percentage of time the beneficiary allocates to each of her specific duties. The 
Page 13 
director also requested a detailed organizational chart for the foreign company, as well as names and job titles 
of all employees under the beneficiary's supervision. Finally, the director requested a brief description of job 
duties and educational level for the beneficiary's subordinates. 
In response to the director's request, the petitioner submitted an organizational chart for the foreign entity 
which identifies the beneficiary as "Duty General Director." The chart appears to depict that she manages the 
company's representative office in Ho Chi Minh City. The chart indicates that this office "make the 
transaction and marketing including 8 employees" but does not further elaborate on the composition of the 
office. The beneficiary also appears to be shown as the supervisor of all other company departments, 
including a sales department with eight employees, a human resources department with four employees, 
inbound and outbound departments with a total of nine employees, a ticketing department with six employees, 
a visa consultant department with two employees, a "carrential" [sic] department with two employees, and an 
accounting department with four employees. 
The petitioner indicated that a total of 41 employees work for the foreign entity. The organization chart 
identifies approximately 45 positions and the petitioner provided a list of 17 employees who are claimed to 
work under the beneficiary's supervision. The job titles of these claimed subordinates are visa consultant (1 
employee), operator (3 employees), customer care (1 employee), sales (5 employees) and ticketing (7 
employees). The petitioner indicated that 15 of these employees have bachelor's degrees in business 
management, while the remaining employees have degrees in finance and accounting. 
Finally, the petitioner submitted an expanded job description for the beneficiary's role as marketing director 
and member of the Board of Directors of the parent The petitioner indicated that the beneficiary 
has been leading the expansion of the company's branch office, with responsibility for the 
"management, recruitment and development of the company profile." Specifically, the petitioner described 
the beneficiary's duties as the following: 
• Advising the company board members of company objectives and plans (5%) 
• Operations management and overseeing the marketing, promotion, development and 
expansion of services (45%) 
o Business development coordination and presentation 
o Working with both company offices on designing and implementing a client contact 
systems. 
o Managing resources and budgeting of resources for marketing 
o Development and administration of marketing database which includes client and 
prospect client information, list and 
• Managing the human resources of the offices according to 
authorized personnel policies and procedures that fully conform to the applicable laws 
and regulations (10%) 
• Assuring that the organization, its mission, programs, products and services are 
consistently presented in a strong, positive image to relevant stakeholders; including 
implementation of client relations: (25%) 
o Promoting company image and marketing of company services 
o Identification of target market 
o Client satisfaction surveys 
Page 14 
o Client development activities 
o Client skills training 
o Special events 
• Developing a pricing strategy to aid in the maximizing of profits, and acquiring the 
desired share of the market (15%) 
The director denied the petition, concluding that the petitioner failed to establish that the beneficiary was 
employed by the foreign entity in a primarily managerial or executive capacity. The director found that the 
petitioner's description of the beneficiary's duties was vague and failed to convey an understanding of the 
beneficiary's day-to-day duties, such that they could be classified as primarily managerial or executive in 
nature. 
The director further found that the petitIOner failed to provide the requested job descriptions for the 
beneficiary's subordinates and thus failed to establish that the beneficiary supervises a subordinate staff that 
relieves her from primarily performing non-managerial duties. Finally, the director observed that, while the 
beneficiary's job title is marketing director or marketing manager, the organizational chart provided fails to 
show that the foreign entity has a marketing team, department or marketing staff to carry out the non­
managerial aspects of the marketing function. 
On appeal, counsel asserts that the beneficiary is employed by the foreign entity as an executive, majority 
shareholder and member of the board of directors, with "broad discretion and powers to direct" both the 
foreign and U.S. entities. Counsel notes that in addition to her executive role and responsibility to expand the 
foreign entity into international markets, the beneficiary also fulfills a managerial role by leading "a cadre of 
professionals" who perform work in "consulting, sales and account management" and enable her to carry out 
plans for the company's growth. 
In support of the appeal, the petitioner re-submits the position description that was provided in response to the 
RFE, along with the previously provided list of 17 employees claimed to report to the beneficiary. The 
petitioner also submits a separate chart titled "task of marketing staff" with brief position descriptions for 
these same employees. 
Upon review, the AAO concurs with the director's determination that the evidence submitted is insufficient to 
establish that the beneficiary has been employed by the foreign entity in a primarily managerial or executive 
capacity. 
When examining the executive or managerial capacity of the beneficiary, the AAO will look first to the 
petitioner's description of the job duties. See 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(l)(3)(ii). The petitioner's description of the job 
duties must clearly describe the duties to be performed by the beneficiary and indicate whether such duties are 
in either an executive or a managerial capacity. !d. 
The definitions of executive and managerial capacity each have two parts. First, the petitioner must show that 
the beneficiary performs the high-level responsibilities that are specified in the definitions. Second, the 
petitioner must show that the beneficiary primarily performs these specified responsibilities and does not 
spend a majority of his or her time on day-to-day functions. Champion World, Inc. v. INS, 940 F.2d 1533 
(Table), 1991 WL 144470 (9th Cir. July 30, 1991). 
Page 15 
The fact that the beneficiary manages or directs a business does not necessarily establish eligibility for 
classification as an intracompany transferee in a managerial or executive capacity within the meaning of 
sections 101(a)(15)(L) of the Act. By statute, eligibility for this classification requires that the duties of a 
position be "primarily" of an executive or managerial nature. Sections 101(A)(44)(A) and (B) of the Act, 8 
U.S.c. § 1 10 1 (a)(44). Accordingly, the petitioner cannot rely on the beneficiary's claimed majority 
ownership of the foreign entity as evidence that she was employed by the foreign entity in a primarily 
executive capacity. 
Here, the petitioner's description of the beneficiary's position fails to establish that her actual duties are 
primarily managerial or executive in nature. The petitioner indicated that the beneficiary devotes the largest 
portion of her time (45 percent) to "operations management and overseeing the marketing promotion, 
development and expansion of services." However, the duties associated with this responsibility include tasks 
that have not been shown to be managerial in nature. For example, the petitioner has not identified what is 
entailed by "business development coordination and presentation," or identified at what level the beneficiary 
is "negotiating with potential business partners." Without further explanation, the AAO cannot conclude that 
the beneficiary is not personally responsible for routine business presentations and negotiations. The 
remainder of the beneficiary's duties associated with this broad responsibility appears to require her direct 
involvement in implementing internal client contact systems and databases, rather than managing the 
company's marketing and promotion activities or subordinate staff responsible for such activities. 
The petitioner indicates that the beneficiary allocates an additional 25 percent of her time to "promoting 
company image and marketing of company services," as well as identifying target markets, and implementing 
client satisfaction surveys, client development activities, client skills training and special events. As stated, it 
appears that the beneficiary directly performs these tasks, and, as noted by the director, the evidence of record 
does not identify subordinate marketing staff or a marketing department that would relieve the beneficiary 
from performing these non-managerial functions related to the marketing of the company's travel products 
and services. 
Based on the foregoing, these two areas of responsibility, which, according to the petitioner account for up to 
70 percent of the beneficiary's time, appear to consist primarily of marketing, research, business development 
and information systems-related tasks that do not fall under the definitions of managerial or executive 
capacity. An employee who "primarily" performs the tasks necessary to produce a product or to provide 
services or other non-qualifying duties is not considered to be "primarily" employed in a managerial or 
executive capacity. See sections 101(a)(44)(A) and (B) of the Act (requiring that one "primarily" perform the 
enumerated managerial or executive duties); see also Matter of Church Scientology Intn'l., 19 I&N Dec. 593, 
604 (Comm. 1988). The actual duties themselves reveal the true nature of the employment. Fedin Bros. Co., 
Ltd. v. Sava, 724 F. Supp. 1103, 1108 (E.D.N.Y. 1989), affd, 905 F.2d 41 (2d. Cir. 1990). The petitioner 
failed to demonstrate that the beneficiary'S actual duties are primarily managerial or executive in nature. For 
this additional reason, the appeal will be dismissed. 
Beyond the required description of the job duties, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) 
reviews the totality of the record when examining the claimed managerial or executive capacity of a 
beneficiary, including the petitioner's organizational structure, the duties of the beneficiary's subordinate 
employees, the presence of other employees to relieve the beneficiary from performing operational duties, the 
Page 16 
nature of the petitioner's business, and any other factors that will contribute to a complete understanding of a 
beneficiary's actual duties and role in a business. 
The petitioner has not adequately or consistently articulated or documented the number and types of 
employees the beneficiary supervises in her position with the foreign entity. The petitioner has claimed that 
the beneficiary is responsible primarily for oversight of the Ho Chi Minh City branch office, which, according 
to the foreign entity's organizational chart, has eight employees. The petitioner has also submitted an 
organizational chart which appears to depict the beneficiary's oversight of nine departments and more than 40 
employees. Finally, the petitioner has submitted a list of 17 employees who are claimed to be the beneficiary's 
direct subordinates. These employees are engaged in sales, ticketing, inbound and outbound operation, 
customer care, and visa consulting. The petitioner indicates that the beneficiary oversees the human resources 
function, but does not claim that she manages the four employees who are claimed to be in the department. 
Similarly, the organizational chart depicts a total of nine employees in the inbound and outbound departments 
and the beneficiary is claimed to supervise only three inbound or outbound operators. It is incumbent upon the 
petitioner to resolve any inconsistencies in the record by independent objective evidence. Any attempt to 
explain or reconcile such inconsistencies will not suffice unless the petitioner submits competent objective 
evidence pointing to where the truth lies. Matter of Ho, 19 I&N Dec. 582, 591-92 (BIA 1988). The AAO 
cannot make any determination regarding the beneficiary's supervision of subordinate staff based on the 
contradictory evidence submitted. 
Finally, as noted by the director, regardless of the actual number of employees under the beneficiary's 
supervision, none of the foreign entity's employees are claimed to be marketing staff who would relieve the 
beneficiary from the non-managerial tasks outlined in her job description above. Even if the beneficiary 
spends some portion of her time supervising subordinate professional or supervisory employees, the fact 
remains that the majority of the beneficiary's actual duties, as described by the petitioner, are not managerial 
or executive in nature. Accordingly, the petitioner has not established that the beneficiary has been employed 
by the foreign entity in a primarily managerial or executive capacity, and the appeal will be dismissed. 
III. Conclusion 
The petition will be denied and the appeal dismissed for the above stated reasons, with each considered as an 
independent and alternative basis for the decision. When the AAO denies a petition on multiple alternative 
grounds, a plaintiff can succeed on a challenge only if it is shown that the AAO abused its discretion with 
respect to all of the AAO's enumerated grounds. See Spencer Enterprises, Inc. v. United States, 229 F. Supp. 
2d 1025, 1043 (E.D. Cal. 2001), affd. 345 F.3d 683 (9th Cir. 2003). 
In visa petition proceedings, the burden of proving eligibility for the benefit sought remains entirely with the 
petitioner. Section 291 of the Act, 8 U.S.c. § 1361. Here, that burden has not been met. 
ORDER: The appeal is dismissed.