dismissed
EB-2
dismissed EB-2 Case: Consulting
Decision Summary
The appeal was dismissed because the beneficiary did not meet the minimum educational requirements specified on the labor certification. The labor certification required a four-year bachelor's degree or a single foreign equivalent, but the beneficiary possessed a three-year foreign bachelor's degree and a professional certification, which was not considered a single-source equivalent.
Criteria Discussed
Advanced Degree Equivalence Beneficiary'S Educational Qualifications Foreign Degree Equivalency Labor Certification Requirements
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identifyingdatadeletedto preventclearlyunwarranted mvasionofpersonalprivacy U.S.Departmentof HomelandSecurity RS. CitizenshipandImmigrationServices AdministrativeAppeals00ice (AAO) 20 MassachusettsAve, N.W MS 2090 Washington.DC 20529-2090 U.S.Citizenship and Immigration Services PUBUCCOPY DATE: NOV 2 3 1013OFFICE:NEBRASKASERVICECENTER FILE: IN RE: Petitioner: Beneficiary: PETITION: Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker as a Memberof the ProfessionsHolding an AdvancedDegreeor anAlien of ExceptionalAbility Pursuantto Section203(b)(2)of the ImmigrationandNationalityAct, 8 U.S.C.§ 1153(b)(2) ON BEHALFOFPETITIONER: INSTRUCTIONS: Enclosedpleasefind the decision of the Administrative Appeals Office in your case. All of the documentsrelatedto this matterhavebeenreturnedto theoffice thatoriginally decidedyour case. Please beadvisedthatanyfurtherinquiry thatyou mighthaveconcerningyour casemustbemadeto thatoffice. If you believethe law wasinappropriatelyappliedby usin reachingour decision,or you haveadditional informationthatyouwishto haveconsidered,youmayfile amotionto reconsideror amotionto reopen. Thespecificrequirementsfor filing sucharequestcanbefoundat8C.F.R.§ 103.5.All motionsmustbe submittedto theofficethatoriginallydecidedyourcaseby filing a FormI-290B,Noticeof Appealor Motion,with a feeof $630. Pleasebeawarethat8 C.F.R.§ 103.5(a)(1)(i)requiresthatanymotionmust befiledwithin30daysof thedecisionthatthemotionseekstoreconsiderorreopen. Thankyou, PerryRhew Chief,AdministraiveAppealsOffice www.uscis.gov Page2 DISCUSSION: The Director, Nebraska Service Center, denied the employment-based immigrantvisa petition andthe AdministrativeAppealsOffice (AAO) dismisseda subsequent appeal. TheAAO reopenedthematter. Theappealwill bedismissed. The petitioneris a consultingbusiness.It seeksto employthe beneficiarypermanentlyin the UnitedStatesasa consultantpursuantto section203(b)(2)of theImmigrationandNationalityAct (theAct),8U.S.C.§ 1153(b)(2).As requiredby statute,anETA Form9089,Applicationfor PermanentEmploymentCertification(ETA Form 9089),approvedby the United States Departmentof Labor(DOL), accompaniedthe petition. Uponreviewingthe petition,the directordeterminedthatthebeneficiarydidnotsatisfytheminimumlevelof educationstatedon thelaborcertification. Specifically,thedirectordeterminedthatthebeneficiarydid notpossessa four-yearbachelor'sdegreeas requiredon the ETA Form 9089. Accordingly, the director deniedthepetitiononJuly5,2007. Therecordshowsthattheappealis properlyfiled andtimelyandmakesa specificallegationof error in law or fact. The proceduralhistory in this caseis documentedby the record and incorporatedinto thedecision.Furtherelaborationof theproceduralhistorywill bemadeonly as necessary. OnFebruary2,2010,theAAOdismissedtheappeal.In thedecision,theAAOdisagreedwith thedirector'sfinding,but dismissedtheappealbecausetheminimumrequirementsassetforth on theETA Form9089do not satisfytherequirementsof thesecondpreferenceclassification. On May 13,2011,the AAO reopenedthis matteron its own motionpursuantto 8 C.F.R.§ 103.5(a)(5)(ii)andgrantedthepetitioner30daysto submitabrief. TheAAO receivedcounsel's brief on May 31,2011. TheAAO is enteringanewdecisiononthismatter. In pertinentpart, section203(b)(2)of theAct providesimmigrantclassificationto membersof theprofessionsholdingadvanceddegreesor theirequivalentandwhoseservicesaresoughtby an employerin the United States. An advanceddegreeis a United Statesacademicor professionaldegreeor a foreignequivalentdegreeabovethe baccalaureatelevel. 8 C.F.R.§ 204.5(k)(2). Theregulationfurtherstates:"A UnitedStatesbaccalaureatedegreeor a foreign equivalentdegreefollowedby at leastfive yearsof progressiveexperiencein thespecialtyshall beconsideredtheequivalentof amaster'sdegree.If adoctoraldegreeis customarilyrequiredby thespecialty,thealienmusthavea UnitedStatesdoctorateor a foreignequivalentdegree."Id. TheAAO conductsappellatereviewon a denovobasis.SeeSoltanev. DOJ, 381F.3d 143,145 (3d Cir. 2004). TheAAO considersall pertinentevidencein therecord,includingnewevidence properlysubmitteduponappealandin responseto theAAO's suaspontemotion.1 Thesubmissionof additionalevidenceon appealis allowedby theinstructionsto theFormI- 290B,which areincorporatedinto the regulationsby the regulationat 8 C.F.R.§ 103.2(a)(1). The recordin the instantcaseprovidesno reasonto precludeconsiderationof any of the documentsnewlysubmittedonappeal.SeeMatterofSoriano,19I&N Dec.764(BIA 1988). Page3 In this matter,PartH, lines4 and7, of the laborcertificationreflectthat a bachelor'sdegreein accounting,computerscience,engineeringor businessadministrationis the minimumlevel of educationrequired. Line 8 reflectsthatno combinationof educationor experienceis acceptable in the alternative. Line 9 reflectsthat a foreigneducationalequivalentis acceptable.Line 10 reflectsthattheprofferedpositionalsorequires66 months(five anda half years)of experience in thealternateoccupationof SAPFICOconsultantor relatedoccupation. The beneficiary possessesa foreign three-yearbachelor's degreeof commercefrom the University of Madrasin India and certificateof membershipwith the Institute of Chartered Accountantsof India (ICAI). Thus, the issuesare whether the degreeor certificate of membershipwith ICAI is a single sourcefreign degreeequivalentto a U.S. baccalaureate degreeor, if not, whetherit is appropriateto considerthecombinationof thebeneficiary'sthree- yeardegreeandthe certificateof membershipwith ICAI asa foreignequivalentdegree. We mustalsoconsiderwhetherthe beneficiarymeetsthejob requirementsassetforth on the labor certification. Eligibility for the ClassificationSought As notedabove,theETA Form9089in thismatteris certifiedby DOL. DOL's role is limitedto determiningwhethertherearesufficientworkerswhoareable,willing, qualifiedandavailableand whethertheemploymentof thealienwill adverselyaffectthewagesandworkingconditionsof workersin the UnitedStatessimilarlyemployed. Section212(a)(5)(A)(i)of the Act; 20 C.F.R. §656.1(a). It is significantthat noneof the aboveinquiriesassignedto DOL, or the remainingregulations implementingthesedutiesunder20 C.F.R.§656,involvea determinationasto whetheror notthe alienis qualifiedfor a specificimmigrantclassificationor eventhejob offered.Thisfacthasnot goneunnoticedby federalcircuit courts. SeeTongatapuWoodcraftHawaii, Ltd. v. Feldman,736 F.2d 1305,1309(9thCir. 1984);Madanyv.Smith,696F.2d1008,1012-1013(D.C.Cir. 1983). The AAO is bound by the Act, agencyregulations,precedentdecisionsof the agencyand publisheddecisionsfrom thecircuit courtof appealsfrom whatevercircuit thattheactionarose. SeeN.L.R.B.v. AshkenazyPropertyManagementCorp.,817F.2d74, 75 (9'hCir. 1987) (administrativeagenciesarenotfreeto refuseto follow precedentin casesoriginatingwithin the circuit);R.L.Inv.Ltd.Partnersv.INS,86F.Supp.2d1014,1022(D.Haw.2000),aff'd273F.3d 874(9thCir. 2001)(unpublishedagencydecisionsandagencylegalmemorandaarenot binding undertheAPA, evenwhentheyarepublishedin privatepublicationsor widely circulated). A United Statesbaccalaureatedegreeis generallyfound to requirefour yearsof education. MatterofShah,17I&N Dec.244(Reg'l.Comm'r.1977).Thisdecisioninvolvedapetitionfiled under8 U.S.C.§1153(a)(3)asamendedin 1976.At thattime,thissectionprovided: Visasshallnextbemadeavailable. . .toqualifiedimmigrantswhoaremembers of theprofessions. . . . Page4 TheAct addedsection203(b)(2)(A)of theAct,8U.S.C.§1153(b)(2)(A),whichprovides: Visasshallbemadeavailable. . . to qualifiedimmigrantswho aremembersof the professionsholdingadvanceddegreesor theirequivalent. . . . Significantly,the statutorylanguageusedprior to Matter of Shah,17 I&N Dec. at 244 is identicalto the statutorylanguageusedsubsequentto thatdecisionbut for therequirementthat theimmigrantholdanadvanceddegreeor its equivalent.TheJointExplanatoryStatementof the Committeeof Conference,publishedaspartof theHouseof RepresentativesConferenceReport on the Act, providesthat "[in] consideringequivalencyin category2 advanceddegrees,it is anticipatedthat the alien must havea bachelor'sdegreewith at leastfive yearsprogressive experiencein the professions." H.R. Conf. Rep.No. 955, 101" Cong.,2"dSess.1990,1990 U.S.C.C.A.N.6784,1990WL201613at*6786(Oct.26,1990). At the time of enactmentof section203(b)(2)of the Act in 1990,it hadbeenalmostthirteen yearssinceMatterof Shahwasissued. Congressis presumedto haveintendeda four-year degreewhen it statedthat an alien "must have a bachelor'sdegree"when considering equivalencyfor secondpreferenceimmigrantvisas. WemustassumethatCongresswasaware of the agency'sprevioustreatmentof a "bachelor'sdegree"under the Act when the new classificationwasenactedanddid notintendto altertheagency'sinterpretationof thatterm. See Lorillard v. Pons,434 U.S. 575, 580-81(1978)(Congressis presumedto be awareof administrativeandjudicial interpretationswhereit adoptsa newlaw incorporatingsectionsof a priorlaw). Seealso56Fed.Reg.60897,60900(Nov.29, 1991)(analienmusthaveat leasta bachelor'sdegree). In 1991,whenthefinal rulefor 8 C.F.R.§ 204.5waspublishedin theFederalRegister,the ImmigrationandNaturalizationService(theService),respondedto criticismthattheregulation requiredanaliento haveabachelor'sdegreeasaminimumandthattheregulationdid notallow for thesubstitutionof experiencefor education.After reviewingsection121of theImmigration Act of 1990,Pub.L. 101-649(1990),andtheJointExplanatoryStatementof the Committeeof Conference,the Servicespecificallynotedthat boththeAct andthe legislativehistory indicate thatanalienmusthaveat leastabachelor'sdegree: The Act statesthat, in order to qualify underthe secondclassification,alien membersof theprofessionsmusthold"advanceddegreesortheirequivalent."As the legislativehistory . . . indicates,the equivalentof an advanceddegreeis "a bachelor's degreewith at least five years progressiveexperiencein the professions." Becauseneitherthe Act nor its legislativehistory indicatesthat bachelor'sor advanceddegreesmustbe UnitedStatesdegrees,the Servicewill recognizeforeignequivalentdegrees.But boththeAct andits legislativehistory makeclearthat,in orderto qualifyasaprofessionalunderthethird classification or to haveexperienceequatingto anadvanceddegreeunderthesecond,analien musthaveat leasta bachelor'sdegree. 56Fed.Reg.60897,60900(Nov.29,1991)(emphasisadded). Page5 Thereis no provisionin the statuteor the regulationsthatwould allow a beneficiaryto qualify under section203(b)(2) of the Act as a memberof the professionsholding an advanceddegree with anythinglessthana full baccalaureatedegree(plusthe requisitefive yearsof progressive experiencein the specialty). More specifically,a three-yearbachelor'sdegreewill not be consideredto bethe"foreignequivalentdegr=" to aUnitedStatesbaccalaureatedegree.Matter ofShah, 17I&N Dec.at 245. Wheretheanalysisof thebeneficiary'scredentialsreliesonwork experiencealoneor a combinationof multiplelesserdegrees,theresultis the"equivalent"of a bachelor'sdegreeratherthana "foreignequivalentdegree."2In orderto haveexperienceand educationequatingto an advanceddegreeundersection203(b)(2)of the Act, the beneficiary musthavea singledegreethatis the"foreignequivalentdegree"to aUnitedStatesbaccalaureate degree(plus the requisitefive yearsof progressiveexperiencein the specialty). 8 C.F.R. § 204.5(k)(2). Therefore,in the instantcase,thebeneficiary'sthree-yearbachelorof commerce degreefrom theUniversityof Madrasin Indiais nota singlesourceforeigndegreeequivalentto aU.S.baccalaureatedegree. For this classification, advanced degree professional, the regulation at 8 C.F.R. §204.5(k)(3)(i)(B)requiresthe submissionof an "official academicrecordshowingthat the alienhasa United Statesbaccalaureatedegreeor a foreignequivalentdegree"(plusevidenceof five yearsof progressiveexperiencein the specialty). For classificationasa memberof the professions,theregulationat8 C.F.R.§204.5(1)(3)(ii)(C)requiresthesubmissionof "anofficial collegeor universityrecordshowingthedatethebaccalaureatedegreewasawardedandthearea of concentrationof study." We cannotconcludethatthe evidencerequiredto demonstratethat an alien is an advanceddegreeprofessionalis anylessthanthe evidencerequiredto showthat the alien is a professional. To do so would underminethe congressionallymandated classificationschemeby allowing a lesserevidentiarystandardfor the more restrictive visa classification. Moreover,the commentny accompanyingthe proposedadvanceddegree professionalregulationspecificallystatesthat a "baccalaureatemeansa bachelor'sdegree receivedfroma collegeor university,oranequivalentdegree."(Emphasisadded.)56Fed.Reg. 30703,30306(July 5, 1991). Compare8C.F.R.§204.5(k)(3)(ii)(A)(relatingto aliensof exceptionalability requiringthe submissionof "an official academicrecordshowingthat the alienhasa degree,diploma,certificateor similar awardfrom a college,university,schoolor otherinstitutionoflearning relatingto theareaof exceptionalability"). It is notedthatthebeneficiarypossessedICAI associatemembershipuponpassingtheICAI final examination. While the ElectronicDatabasefor Global Education(EDGE) createdby the AmericanAssociationof CollegiateRegistrarsandAdmissionsOfficers(AACRAO)3confirms 2 Compare8 C.F.R.§214.2(h)(4)(iii)(D)(5)(definingfor purposesof a nonimmigrantvisa classification,the"equivalenceto completionof acollegedegree"asincluding,in certaincases, a specific combinationof educationand experience). The regulationspertainingto the immigrantclassificationsoughtin thismatterdonotcontainsimilarlanguage. 3Accordingto its website,www.aacrao.org,AmericanAssociationof CollegiateRegistrarsand AdmissionsOfficers (AACRAO) is "a nonprofit, voluntary,professionalassociationof more Page6 thatICAI associatemembershipuponpassingtheICAI final examinationrepresentsattainment of a level of educationcomparableto a bachelor'sdegreein theUnitedStates,http://aacraoedge. aacrao.ora/credentialsAdvice.php?countryId=99&credentialID=137(accessedAugust 31, 2011), ICAI associatemembershipisnotasinglesourcedegree. Further,the professionalregulationcontainsa degreerequirementin the form of an official college or university record. While ICAI may offer coursesand examinations,there is no evidencethat ICAI is a college or university or that membershipis a "degree." See Snapnames.com,Inc. v. Michael Chertof 2006WL 3491005*11 (D. Ore.Nov. 30, 2006) (fmding USCISwasjustified in concludingthat ICAI membershipwas not a collegeor university "degree"for purposesof classificationas a memberof the professionsholding an advanceddegree). Moreover,a combinationof multiple degreesthat are eachless than equivalentto afour-yeardegree,or athree-yeardegreeandadiplomaor membershipthatmight beconsideredequivalentto a U.S.bachelor'sdegreedo notmeettherequirementsof thesecond preferenceclassification. For advanceddegreeprofessionals,the regulationsrequirethat the beneficiarypossessa singlesourceforeigndegreewhich is a singlesourceequivalentto a U.S. bachelor'sdegree. Therecordcontainsanevaluationreportpreparedby . on July 9, 2007Muly 9, 2007evaluation).In herevaluation, cknowledgesthat thebeneficiary'sbachelorof commercedegreeawardedin 1992by theUniversityof Madras representstheacademicequivalentof threeyearsof universitystudyin businessadministration at a regionallyaccreditedinstitution in the United States. Shefurther concludesthat the beneficiary's"Certificateof Membership"(1998) issuedby ICAI representsthe academic equivalentof a bachelor'sdegreein accountingfrom a re ionally accreditedinstitution in the United States. In her ed July 9, 2007, refers to EDGE to supporther conclusion. However, s July 9, 2007evaluationfailed to demonstratethat ICAI is a collegeor universityor thatthemembershipfrom ICAI is adegree.As previouslydiscussed,we note that an AAO decisionconcludingthat ICAI membershipwas not a collegeor university "degree"for purposesof classificationas a memberof the professionsholding an advanced degreewas upheld in federal court. Snapnames.com,Inc. v. Michael Chertoff, 2006 WL 3491005at 11. Further,whileEDGEconfirmsthatICAI associatemembershipuponpassingthe ICAI final examinationrepresentsattainmentof a levelof educationcomparableto a bachelor's than 11,000highereducationadmissionsandregistrationprofessionalswho representmorethan 2,600institutionsandagenciesin theUnitedStatesandin over40 countriesaroundtheworld." Seehttp://www.aacrao.org/About-AACRAO.aspx.Its mission"is to serveandadvancehigher educationby providingleadershipin academicandenrollmentservices."Id. Accordingto the registrationpagefor the ElectronicDatabasefor GlobalEducation(EDGE),EDGE is "a web- based resource for the evaluation of foreign educational credentials." See http://aacraoedge.aacrao.org/register/(accessedAugust31, 2011). Authorsfor EDGEarenot merelyexpressingtheirpersonalopinions.Rather,theymustworkwithapublicationconsultant and a Council Liaison with AACRAO'sNationalCouncil on the Evaluationof Foreign EducationalCredentials.If placementrecommendationsareincluded,theCouncilLiaisonworks with the authorto givefeedbackandthepublicationis subjectto final reviewby the entire Council.Id. Page7 degreein the United States,EDGE doesnot concludethat it is a singlesourcedegreefrom a collegeor universityor that the equivalencyappliesto the secondpreferenceclassificationfor which theregulationsrequirea singlesourcedegreefrom a collegeor university. U.S. Citizenshipand Immigration Services(USCIS) may, in its discretion,use as advisory opinionsstatementssubmittedasexperttestimony.However,whereanopinionis notin accord with otherinformationor is in anyway questionable,USCISis not requiredto acceptor may give lessweight to that evidence.Matter of Caron International, 19I&N Dec. 791 (Comm. 1988). Becausethebeneficiaryhasneither(1) a U.S.master'sdegreeor foreignequivalentdegree,nor (2) a U.S. baccalaureatedegreeor foreignequivalentdegreein accounting,computerscience, engineeringor businessadministrationandfin yearsof progressiveexperiencein the specialty, he doesnot qualify for preferencevisa classificationasan advanceddegreeprofessionalunder section203(b)(2)of theAct. Theportionof theAAO's February2, 2010decisionfindingthat thebeneficiaryholdsanequivalentto aU.S.bachelor'sdegreein accountingis withdrawn.The relevantportionof thedirector'sdecisionis affirmed. Qualifications for the Job Offered Relyingin partonMadany,696F.2dat 1008,theU.S.FederalCourtof Appealsfor theNinth Circuit (Ninth Circuit) stated: [I]t appearsthattheDOL is responsibleonly for determiningtheavailabilityof suitableAmericanworkersfor ajob andtheimpactof alienemploymentuponthe domesticlabor market. It doesnot appearthat the DOL's role extendsto determiningif thealienis qualifiedfor thejob for whichheseekssixthpreference status. That determinationappearsto be delegatedto the INS under section 204(b),8U.S.C.§ 1154(b),asoneof thedeterminationsincidentto theINS's decisionwhetherthealienis entitledto sixthpreferencestatus. K.R.K.Irvine,Inc.v.Landon,699F.2d1006,1008(9thCir. 1983).Thecourtreliedonanamicus brieffromDOLthatstatedthefollowing: The labor certificationmadeby the Secretaryof Labor ... pursuantto section 212(a)[(5)]of the... [Act] ... is bindingasto thefindingsof whetherthereare able,willing, qualified,andavailableUnitedStatesworkersfor thejob offeredto the alien, and whetheremploymentof the alien underthe terms set by the employerwould adverselyaffectthe wagesandworking conditionsof similarly employedUnitedStatesworkers. Thelabor certificationin nowayindicatesthat the alien offeredthe certifiedjob opportunityis qualified (or not qualified) to performthedutiesof thatjob. Page8 (Emphasisadded.)Id. at 1009.TheNinthCircuit,citingK.R.K.Irvine,Inc.,699F.2dat 1006, revisitedthis issue,stating: "The INS, therefore,maymakea denovodeterminationof whether thealienis in factqualifiedto fill thecertifiedjob offer." Tongatapu,736F.2dat 1309. Thekey to determiningthejob qualificationsis foundon ETA Form9089PartH. This section of the applicationfor alienlaborcertification,"Job OpportunityInformation,"describesthe termsandconditionsof thejob offered. It is importantthatthe ETA Form 9089be readasa whole. Moreover,whendeterminingwhethera beneficiaryis eligible for a preferenceimmigrantvisa, USCIS may not ignore a term of the labor certification, nor may it impose additional requirements.SeeMadany,696F.2dat 1015. USCISmustexamine"the languageof thelabor certificationjob requirements"in orderto determinewhatthejob requires.Id. Theonly rational mannerby which USCIScanbeexpectedto interpretthemeaningof termsusedto describethe requirementsof ajob in a laborcertificationis to examinethecertifiedjob offer exactlyasit is completedby theprospectiveemployer.SeeRosedaleLindenPark Companyv. Smith,595F. Supp. 829, 833 (D.D.C. 1984)(emphasisadded). USCIS's interpretationof the job's requirements,asstatedon the laborcertificationmustinvolvereadingandapplyingtheplain languageof thealienemploymentcertificationapplicationform. Seeid. at 834. USCIScannot and should not reasonablybe expectedto look beyond the plain languageof the labor certification that DOL has formally issuedor otherwiseattemptto divine the employer's intentionsthroughsomesortof reverseengineeringof thelaborcertification. As previouslydiscussed,theregulationstates:An advanceddegreeis a United Statesacademic or professionaldegreeor a foreignequivalentdegreeabovethebaccalaureatelevel,anda United Statesbaccalaureatedegreeor a foreignequivalentdegreefollowedby at leastfive yearsof progressiveexperiencein thespecialtyshallbeconsideredtheequivalentof a master'sdegree. See8 C.F.R.§204.5(k)(2).Thejob offerportionof theETA Form9089in theinstantcasedoes requireaprofessionalholdinganadvanceddegreeandthepetitionerrequestedclassificationasa memberof the professionsholdingan advanceddegreeaccordingly. Therefore,the portion of the AAO's decisionthat the ETA Form 9089 does not require a professionalholding an advanceddegreeor theequivalentof analienof exceptionalability mustbewithdrawn. Nonetheless,counsel'sassertionsandevidencesubmittedon appealcannotovercometheground of thedirector'sdenialthatthepetitionerfaiW to demonstratethatthebeneficiarypossesseda singlesourceforeigndegreeequivalentto a U.S. bachelor'sdegreein accounting,computer science,engineeringor businessadministration.Thebeneficiarydoesnothavea "UnitedStates baccalaureatedegreeor a foreignequivalentdegree,"and,thus,doesnot qualifyfor preference visaclassificationundersection203(b)(2)of theAct. In addition,thebeneficiarydoesnotmeet thejob requirementsonthelaborcertification.Forthesereasons,consideredbothin sumandas separategroundsfor denial,thepetitionmaynotbeapproved. Theburdenof proofin theseproceedingsrestssolelywith thepetitioner.Section291of theAct, 8 U.S.C.§ 1361.Thepetitionerhasnotmetthatburden. Page9 ORDER: Theappealis dismissed.Thedecisionof thedirectoris affirmedandthepetition remainsdenied.
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