dismissed L-1B Case: Software Development

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U.S. Citizenship 
and Immigration 
Services 
MATTER OF A-A- LLC 
Non-Precedent Decision of the 
Administrative Appeals Office 
DATE: JULY 5, 2017 
APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA SERVICE CENTER DECISION 
PETITION: FORM I-129, PETITION FOR A NONIMMIGRANT WORKER 
The Petitioner, a software company, seeks to temporarily employ the Beneficiary as a '' 
DevOps Engineer" under the L-IB nonimmigrant classification for intracompany 
transferees. See Immigration and Nationality Act (the Act) section 101(a)(15)(L), 8 U.S.C. 
§ IIOI(a)(15)(L). The L-IB classification allows a corporation or other legal entity (including its 
affiliate or subsidiary) to transfer a qualifying foreign employee with "specialized knowledge" to 
work temporarily in the United States. 
The Director of the California Service Center denied the petition, concluding that the record did not 
establish, as required, that the Beneficiary possesses specialized knowledge and has been employed 
abroad, and will be employed in the United States, in a specialized knowledge capacity. The 
Director also determined that the Petitioner had 
not established the Beneficiary's eligibility for L-IB 
employment at an unaffiliated employer's worksite. 
The matter is now before us on appeal. In its appeal, the Petitioner asserts that the Director did not 
adjudicate the petition using the preponderance of evidence standard and did not follow the guidance 
set out in the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) L-IB adjudications 
policy memorandum. 1 The Petitioner contends that the Director did not examine all the 
documentation submitted and thus her decision was based on erroneous conclusions of fact. 
Upon de novo review, we will dismiss the appeal. 
I. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 
To establish eligibility for the L-I nonimmigrant visa classification, a qualifying organization must have 
employed the Beneficiary in a managerial or executive capacity, or in a specialized knowledge capacity, 
for one continuous year within three years preceding the Beneficiary's application for admission into 
the United States. Section IOI(a)(15)(L) of the Act. In addition, the Beneficiary must seek to enter the 
1 
The Petitioner is referring to USCIS Policy Memorandum PM-602-0111, L-IB Adjudications Policy (Aug. 17, 2015), 
https://www.uscis.gov/laws/policy-memoranda. 
Matter of A-A- LLC 
United States temporarily to continue rendering his or her services to the same employer or a subsidiary 
or affiliate thereof in a managerial, executive, or specialized knowledge capacity. !d. 
The relevant statute defines specialized knowledge as a special knowledge of the company product and 
its application in international markets or an advanced level of knowledge of processes and procedures 
of the company. Section 214( c )(2)(B) of the Act, 8 U .S.C. § 1184( c )(2)(B). Our regulations further 
define specialized knowledge as: 
[S]pecial knowledge possessed by an individual of the petitiOning organization's 
product, service, research, equipment, techniques, management or other interests and its 
application in international markets, or an advanced level of knowledge or expertise in 
the organization's processes and procedures. 
8 C.F.R. § 214.2(l)(l)(ii)(D). 
An individual L-IB petition must be accompanied by evidence that: the beneficiary has been employed 
abroad in a position that was managerial, executive, or involved specialized knowledge for at least one 
continuous year in the three years preceding the filing of the petition; evidence that the beneficiary's 
prior education, training, and employment qualifies him or her to perform the intended services in the 
United States; and a detailed description of the services to be performed in a specialized knowledge 
capacity in the United States. 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(1)(3). 
II. SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE 
In the denial decision, the Director determined that the Beneficiary's foreign position is comparable 
to a computer systems analyst position and that the Petitioner did not demonstrate how the foreign 
position incorporated special or advanced knowledge. The Director determined further that the 
Petitioner did not establish that the Beneficiary has knowledge that is special or advanced compared 
to other similarly experienced persons within the company or in the industry. Further, the Director 
found that the Petitioner did not establish that the U.S. DevOps position involves a special or 
advanced level of knowledge in the computer and information technology field. 
As a threshold issue, we must determine whether the Petitioner established that the Beneficiary 
possesses specialized knowledge. If the evidence is insufficient to establish that he possesses 
specialized knowledge, then we cannot conclude that he has been employed abroad and would be 
employed in the United States in a specialized knowledge capacity. 
A petitioner may establish eligibility for an L-1 B visa by submitting evidence that the beneficiary 
and the proffered position satisfy either prong of the statutory definition. Under the statute, a 
beneficiary is deem~d to have specialized knowledge if he or she has: (1) a "special" knowledge of 
the company product and its application in international markets; or (2) an "advanced" level of 
knowledge of the processes and procedures of the company. Section 214(c) (2)(B) of the Act. 
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Matter of A-A- LLC 
As both "special" and "advanced" are relative terms, determining whether a given beneficiary's 
knowledge is "special" or "advanced" inherently requires a comparison of the beneficiary's 
knowledge against that of others. With respect to either special or advanced knowledge, the 
petitioner ordinarily must demonstrate that the beneficiary's knowledge is not commonly held 
throughout the particular industry and caimot be easily imparted from one person to another. The 
ultimate question is whether the petitioner has met its burden of demonstrating by a preponderance 
of the evidence that the beneficiary's knowledge or expertise is special or advanced, and that the 
beneficiary's position requires such knowledge.2 
Once a petitioner articulates the nature of the claimed specialized knowledge, it is the weight and 
type of evidence which establishes whether or not the beneficiary actually possesses specialized 
knowledge. We cannot make a factual determination regarding a beneficiary's specialized 
knowledge if the, petitioner does not, at a minimum, articulate with specificity the nature of its 
products and services or processes and procedures, the nature of the specific industry or field 
involved, and the nature of the beneficiary 's knowledge. The petitioner should also describe how 
such knowledge is typically gained within the organization, and explain how and when the 
beneficiary gained such knowledge. · 
The Petitioner states that it specializes in . a multi-component, distributed software 
system designed to optimize the work and increase the productivity of software engineers building 
applications.3 The Petitioner references its Silver Membership in the 
since 2014, and indicates that its "team of experts" frequently speak and conduct training 
at industry trade shows. In response to the Director's request for evidence (RFE), the Petitioner 
describes it~ services as including design, preparation, and deployment 
of this platform to its clients' infrastructures, including re-platforming of the clients' legacy 
applications for deployment on this platform, as well as development of new applications to run on 
this platform. The Petitioner asserts that " is complex and unique and 
that "knowledge of this product should be classified as advanced and special." In that regard, the 
Petitioner notes that is rapidly growing, continuously evolving and includes 
large-scale components, and requires complicated tools that allow it to be integrated with the 
underlying infrastructure, storage systems, databases , continuous integration tools, and 
other third-party services. 
The Petitioner also claims 
that it has accumulated an advanced level of knowledge of 
and that the Beneficiary played a key role in developing this knowledge. The 
Petitioner does not submit probative evidence of the Beneficiary's key role, but notes that he was 
2 Although some aspects of the "special" and "advanced" knowledge definitions may overlap, we will address each 
element individually . 
3 
The Petitioner further describes as a Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) system deployed on top of 
lower-level software (Infrastructure-as-a-Service (laaS) . The Petitioner adds that this platform introduces the 
concept of developing , running , and managing applications using infrastructure with pre-configured settings which 
addresses productivity , scalability, security , high availability, and other production requirements. 
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Matter of A-A- LLC 
one of the two engineers who laid the foundation for the company's development of 
and who contributed to the Petitioner's achievements. However, other than 
mentioning that the Beneficiary is an active participant in industry conferences, contributed to and 
delivered DevOps training courses, and participated in projects with other companies, the Petitioner 
does not identify or explain the Beneficiary's key role within the petitioning organization. The 
Petitioner provides several examples to demonstrate its knowledge of this particular technology 
including that it "is a member of the working group of 12 experts undertaking preparation of a 
certification program for engineers and DevOps engineers,"4 that its team has 
participated in meetups and workshops, that it was the first company to launch interactive 
training, and that it has entered into joint projects and partnerships with IBM, Pivotal, and 
other Fortune 500 companies. We recognize that the Petitioner specializes in a relatively new 
technology, however, the Petitioner must still establish that specialization in this technology requires 
specialists to possess knowledge that is not generally known in the industry and 
cannot be easily transferred to other workers who are familiar with technologies; or that it pas 
created such specific tools, methodologies, processes, that are distinctly different than the tools, 
methodologies, and processes used by other companies in relation to this product. The Petitioner has 
not done so here. 
The record includes numerous documents, some of which the Petitioner has submitted or referenced 
multiple times. Although we will not mention each document in our analysis, we have reviewed 
each one. 
A. Special Knowledge 
Special knowledge concerns knowledge of the petitioning organization's products or services and its 
application in international markets. To establish that a beneficiary has special knowledge, the 
petitioner may meet its burden through evidence that the beneficiary has knowledge that is distinct 
or uncommon in comparison to the knowledge of other similarly employed workers in the particular 
industry. 
The Petitioner noted that the Beneficiary has "over 6 years of experience in Linux and Windows 
system administration and 5 years of experience in building for and working with enterprise-grade 
distributed systems" as well as expertise in enterprise monitoring systems, security, and 
high availability of large-scale deployments. To demonstrate that the Beneficiary 's 
knowledge is distinct and uncommon, the Petitioner indicated that the Beneficiary had "2 years of 
continuous experience with " and asserted that this experience "places 
him among the top 100 to 200 experts in the world." The Petitioner 
contended that· the lack of "experts stems from the fact that working with reqmres 
4 
The record includes a letter from the indicating the Petitioner had been a member since 
2015 , and had provided speakers in conferences. The letter refers to another individual. The 
Petitioner does not include evidence that this Beneficiary contributed to the certification 
and standards. 
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Matter of A-A- LLC 
broad skill sets," and working with the components, applications that run on the 
platform, and underlying infrastructure. The Petitioner noted that "[a]n engineer also integrates 
other services with and secures its system." The Petitioner added that because of the 
highly technical and complex nature of this product only a few thousand engineers (including 
DevOps engineers) worldwide understand technology and that the "total number of 
software engineers with experience in does not exceed 700 
worldwide." 
The Petitioner's estimate of the number of experts in the . field is not supported with 
probative evidence. The lists a number of members, at the platinum and 
gold level (21), as well as at the silver level, the Petitioner's membership level. See 
The Petitioner also notes that is the -
second largest product in terms of innovation and release velocity. This appears to 
undermine the Petitioner's claim that there are only ten companies with a considerable pool of 
experts. The Petitioner does ·not provide its research or any other objective standards it 
used to reach its conclusions. Although the Petitioner repeatedly states that there are a limited 
number of software engineers with knowledge of , without probative 
evidence to support the claim, the Petitioner's claim is insufficient. 
The Petitioner states that the Beneficiary is "among the top 1 00 to 200 
experts in the world" and claims 
that "[g]aining this kind of knowledge is only possible through 
deploying, customizing, debugging, and otherwise working with the 1 _ 
PaaS for prolonged periods of time." The Petitioner noted that the Beneficiary has been working in 
the foreign company's R&D department since November 2014 and that his expertise in 
by deploying to various environments sets him apart from other engineers 
in the industry who typically only possesses elementary or basic knowledge of _ 
The Petitioner noted that his specific duties at the foreign company included: 
Architecture design - 1 0 percent 
Proof of Concept deployment of· - 20 percent 
Production deployment of - 25 percent 
Adapt IaaS platforms to work with - 5 percent 
Collect initial requirements from clients and conduct a preliminary estimation of the 
amount of work to be performed at the pre-sale stage - 1 0 percent 
security - 15 percent 
Training activities- 15 percent 
The Petitioner also included a lengthy narrative providing examples of the work the Beneficiary 
performed or will perform as part of each of the duties above. The Petitioner assetied that it is the 
Beneficiary's experience performing installations for two years that results in 
knowledge that is uncommon in the industry. The Petitioner also indicated that it had launched an 
interactive training platform and that the Beneficiary had developed approximately 
30 percent of the training courses for the platform and that he has delivered training courses to third 
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Matter of A-A- LLC 
party companies, and that his knowledge contributed to the Petitioner's ability to obtain several third 
party contracts. 
Although the Beneficiary gained experience during his employment with the foreign entity, the 
Petitioner acknowledges there are a number of companies that participate in the 
and that this product is the second largest product; thus, it is reasonable to 
believe that there are a number of companies that specialize in this particular technology. The 
Petitioner does not sufficiently explain the difference, if any, between the duties of a typical 
system/software engineer with experience in and its DevOps engineer with similar 
experience. Further, the Petitioner 'does not sufficiently articulate the specific nature of the 
knowledge and training required to perform the deployment of 
technology using its tools and methodologies. That is, the record demonstrates the Beneficiary's 
experience in deploying the platform and related software; however, the record does 
not establish that the knowledge gained while working at the foreign entity includes knowledge that 
is specific to the petitioning entity's organization. For example, the Petitioner did not provide 
sufficient detail regarding its services in providing installations to demonstrate that 
its services are substantially different or more complex than the services provided by other 
companies in relation to the product. 
We note the Petitioner's assertion that it conducted an online search for a _ DevOps 
Engineer and engaged a staffing agency to locate applicants for this position. The Petitioner noted 
that the online search resulted in 305 profiles of these specialists in the United States, but that all of 
the DevOps engineers had a very basic level of knowledge of and thus 
did not match the skillset required to work at the Petitioner. However, the Petitioner does not detail 
their deficiencies or sufficiently explain whether they could be trained or how long it would take to 
train these specific applicants. Additionally, although the record includes a one-page sheet from a 
job website listing titles of positions it does not include any information regarding potential 
applicants. Similarly, the Petitioner indicated that it interviewed 20 candidates provided by a 
staffing company, and only one individual partly matched their requirements who they hired. 
However, that candidate's experience was not in DevOps, but rather in software 
development. The Petitioner does not explain or otherwise substantiate why this individual or others 
could not be trained to perform DevOps duties. 
The record shows that the Beneficiary was hired as a software engineer and when the Petitioner 
began working on services the Petitioner assigned the Beneficiary to this particular 
platform. The evidence does not support the Petitioner's claims that the Beneficiary acquired his 
specialized knowledge through his experience with the Petitioner's products, but rather that his work 
experience developed his knowledge of this third party product. We have also considered the 
Petitioner's claim that it would take "between 5 to 7 years to teach an outsider to perform the job 
duties [the Beneficiary] performs today," and that "it can take anywhere between 8 to 10 months to 
acquire the specialized knowledge and skills necessary to work with 
alone." However, the Petitioner does not offer a cogent explanation of how it arrived at these 
numbers. Although the Petitioner requires a number of years of experience in Linux and Windows 
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Matter of A-A- LLC 
systems administration, and knowledge in integrating and cloud infrastructure, any 
company performing work with the technology would reasonably require its 
employees to have certain systems administration and software engineering skills, including 
knowledge of technology. Some of this technology, Linux and Windows, for example has 
been around sufficiently long so that many individuals in the software/systems engineering field 
would have similar knowledge. The Petitioner also does not distinguish its services or 
methodologies from those of other companies within this industry. The Petitioner does not identify 
what is specific to its methodology or process that is distinct or uncommon in comparison to that 
found within this industry and thus would require lengthy training at the Petitioner. The record does 
not include probative evidence that it would take between 8 to 10 months to acquire the knowledge 
and skills to specifically work with the platform as claimed by the 
Petitioner. 
We note, for example, that among the several different training 
programs currently available in the United States, the website offe~s 
training for beginners which requires about 20-30 hours of training for an individual with a 
background in software engineering and an additional 40-50 hours for developers. See 
Thus, it appears that work in the 
domain does not require specialized knowledge of the Petitioner's services or tools, but can 
be acquired by a similarly experienced systems/software engineer within a reasonable amount of 
time. 
We observe further that the Petitioner initially stated that it would require only two months to train a 
U.S. software engineer in Belarus to obtain the initial knowledge of this platform for U.S. 
employment with the Petitioner. This undermines its claim that it would take between 8 to 10 
months to acquire knowledge and skills to work on its services. The 
record does not support the Petitioner's claim that there are a limited number of systems/software 
engineers who perform deployment, integration, and maintenance of 
technology or that the use of the Petitioner's methodologies, if any, requires extensive training to 
deploy in international markets. 
A petitioner's statements may provide persuasive evidence of specialized knowledge if they are 
detailed, specific, and credible. Here, the Petitioner asks us to put great weight on its statements 
regarding the Beneficiary's knowledge of a specific product. However, the record lacks probative 
evidence demonstrating that extensive training is required to perform the duties it claims are 
different from that of other engineers, either within or outside of the organization. While there likely 
are no employees with the exact same knowledge the Beneficiary possesses, the record does not 
demonstrate that the Beneficiary's knowledge is in fact significantly different from that generally 
held by professionals in the Petitioner's industry, or that it would require up to a full year or longer 
to acquire the knowledge needed for the position. 
A petitioner must establish that it meets each eligibility 
requirement of the benefit sought by a 
preponderance of the evidence. Matter ofChawathe, 25 I& N Dec. 369, 375-76 (AAO 2010). In 
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Matter of A-A- LLC 
other words, a petitioner must show that what it claims is "more likely than not" or "probably" true. 
To determine whether a petitioner has met its burden under the preponderance standard, we consider 
not only the quantity, but also the quality (including relevance, probative value, and credibility) of 
the evidence. !d. at 376; Matter of E-M-, 20 I&N Dec. 77, 79-80 (Comm'r 1989). For the foregoing 
reasons, the record does not establish that the Beneficiary, more likely than not, possesses special 
knowledge of the company's services and their application in international markets. 
B. Advanced Knowledge 
The Petitioner also asserts that the Beneficiary's knowledge is advanced when compared with its 
other employees, bothat the foreign entity and in the United States. Because "advanced knowledge" 
concerns knowledge of an organization's processes and procedures, the Petitioner may meet its 
burden through evidence that the Beneficiary has knowledge of or an expertise in the organization's 
processes and procedures that is greatly developed or further along in progress, complexity, and 
understanding in comparison to other workers in the employer's operations. Such advanced 
knowledge must be supported by evidence setting that knowledge apart from the elementary or basic 
knowledge possessed by others. 
To differentiate the Beneficiary's knowledge from other employees within the petitioning 
organization, we must review the duties of those employees in similar positions. The Petitioner 
submitted the foreign entity's organizational chart depicting the Beneficiary's position in the 
research and development department. The Beneficiary is one often employees designated as 
DevOps Engineers. The department includes an additional four employees identified as 
Engineers. The record also includes a list of the employees in this department 
identifying their education and salary. A separate list identifies the duties of the foreign entity's 
employees in this department. The listed duties generally identify the different technologies, 
applications, and platforms the employees work with. Neither list indicates when the employees 
were hired or how long they have been employed within this department. 
In response to the Director's RFE, the Petitioner stated that it had developed an advanced level of 
knowledge 'Yithin the company and "the Beneficiary played a key role 
in developing this knowledge." The Pedtioner noted that it participated in frequent meetups and 
workshops, that the Beneficiary has spoken at industry-leading 
conferences, and that he has provided 
trainings to several major companies. However, the record does not include probative evidence 
supporting the Petitioner's claims. The Petitioner also asserts that the Beneficiary's knowledge was 
instrumental in obtaining a number of contracts with major companies. We observe that any 
company with skilled employees would tout their experience to obtain contracts. 
The Petitioner also listed nine of the · DevOps engineers and asserts that only the 
Beneficiary and one other DevOps engineer possess an "Advanced" lever of knowledge of 
The Petitioner describes the remaining seven employees as having a 
"Medium" level of knowledge of The Petitioner does not advise on 
how it determined the seven employees have only a medium level of knowledge when compared to 
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Matter of A-A- LLC 
the Beneficiary. For example, the Petitioner does not compare the length of time these employees 
have been with the company or otherwise explain why it ascertained their knowledge was at an 
intermediate level. The Petitioner does not explain how the DevOps engineers knowledge of 
applications, tools, and technology is distinguishable; rather, all the DevOps engineers appear to 
participate in work relating to Technology. 
The fact that the petitioning organization delegates limited responsibilities to some of its engineers 
and assigns more responsibilities to others does not establish that the Beneficiary possesses special 
or advanced knowledge or that he was employed in a position involving special or advanced 
knowledge. Although the Petitioner asserts that the Beneficiary's knowledge is greatly developed or 
further along in progress, complexity, and understanding than that generally found within the 
Petitioner (or the foreign entity), it does not provide the underlying basis for this claim. The 
Petitioner does not provide any reasoning on why these other individuals could not, with a minimum 
amount of training if any, gain additional knowledge of . The record 
does not include sufficient evidence to conclude that the Beneficiary's knowledge is more advanced 
than the foreign entity's other DevOps engineers. 
Although we recognize that the other DevOps engineers may focus on different portions of the 
services, their knowledge of the applications and platforms, as well as the petitioning 
organization's processes, procedures, tools, and methodologies when configuring, integrating, and 
maintaining the product would likely be similar. The Petitioner has not submitted 
sufficient evidence distinguishing the Beneficiary's experience from other similarly employed 
engineers and that the Beneficiary's knowledge is more advanced than its employees in similar 
positions. 
The Petitioner notes that was new when the Beneficiary was assigned 
to this technology and that there was no training available. Thus, he 
acquired his knowledge through practice. However, the Petitioner does not specifically identify 
when the Beneficiary's "practice" was sufficient to develop into specialized knowledge. Thus, it is 
not possible to ascertain from 
the record, when the Petitioner is claiming that the Beneficiary's 
knowledge of the Petitioner's processes, procedures, tools, and services as they relate to the 
technology became more advanced than other engineers, or other DevOps engineers within 
its employ. Accordingly, the record is also insufficient in establishing that the Beneficiary's position 
involved advanced knowledge of the Petitioner's processes, procedures, and services for at least one 
continuous year in the three years preceding the filing of the petition. 
Finally, we acknowledge the Petitioner's claim that the Beneficiary possesses characteristics of a 
specialized knowledge employee consistent with the USCIS Policy Memorandum PM -602-0111, 
L-1 B Adjudications Policy (Aug. 17, 20 15), https://www. uscis.gov/laws/policy­
memoranda. However, the Petitioner has not submitted sufficient evidence to establish that the 
Bel}eficiary possesses knowledge that is either special or advanced. While the Beneficiary may fill a 
role beneficial to the Petitioner's competitiveness in the marketplace, this characteristic alone is not 
probative of his specialized knowledge. As noted in the memorandum, the "characteristics" listed by 
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Matter of A-A- LLC 
the Petitioner are only "factors that USCIS may consider when determining whether a beneficiary's 
knowledge is specialized." Id. The memorandum emphasizes that "ultimately, it is the weight and 
1 type of evidence that establishes whether the beneficiary possesses specialized knowledge." Id. at 
13. It is clear that the Petitioner considers the Beneficiary a valuable employee who excels at his 
position. However, the record does not sufficiently distinguish the Beneficiary's knowledge from 
that of other similarly employed workers within the petitioning organization or within the 
Petitioner's industry. For the foregoing reasons, the record does not establish that the Beneficiary 
possesses special or advanced knowledge. 
III. VISA REFORM ACT 
Finally, the Director determined that the Beneficiary's proposed off-site assignment at the worksite 
of an unaffiliated employer was not in compliance with the terms of the L-1 Visa Reform Act of 
2004 (Visa Reform Act). The Visa Reform Act requires, among other things, that any prospective 
L-IB beneficiary who will be primarily located at the worksite of an unaffiliated employer must be: 
(1) controlled and supervised principally by the petitioning employer or a qualifying organization; 
and (2) provided in connection with the provision of products or services for which specialized 
knowledge specific to the petition employer is required. See section 214( c )(2)(F) of the Act. 
As the record does not establish that the Beneficiary possesses specialized knowledge as required by 
this visa classification, we do not need to discuss the section 214(a)(2)(F) issues. Accordingly, we 
do not reach the question of whether the Beneficiary's work is at an unaffiliated employer's worksite 
or whether that work requires specialized knowledge. 
IV. CONCLUSION 
The appeal will be dismissed because the Petitioner has not established that the Beneficiary 
possesses specialized knowledge. As the evidence does not establish that the Beneficiary possesses 
specialized knowledge, we also cannot conclude that he has been employed abroad and would be 
employed in the United States in a specialized knowledge capacity. 
ORDER: The appeal is dismissed. 
Cite as Matter of A-A- LLC, ID# 421315 (AAO July 5, 2017) 
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